PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM zm
Exam Solution zm
Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 2 2026 A+ GRADE AS zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
SURED COMPLETE SOLUTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWER zm zm zm zm zm
S (B41DA) zm
QUESTION 1 zm
Which action is a purpose of the inflammatory process?
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a. To provide specific responses toward antigens
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b. To lyse cell membranes of microorganisms
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c. To prevent infection of the injured tissue
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d. To create immunity against subsequent tissue injury
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ANSWER
C. If the epithelial barrier is damaged, then a highly efficient local and systemic response (inflammat
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ion) is mobilized to limit the extent of damage, to protect against infection, and to initiate the repair
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of damaged tissue. The response to a specific offending agent is the function of the adaptive immun
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e response. Lysosomes lyse cell membranes. Immunity against a subsequent tissue injury occurs thro
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ugh the action of B cells and T cells.
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QUESTION 2 zm
What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?
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a. Vasodilation of blood vessels
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b. Increased capillary permeability
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c. Endothelial cell expansion
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d. Emigration of neutrophils
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ANSWER
B. The increased flow and capillary permeability result in a leakage of plasma from the vessels, caus
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ing swelling (edema) in the surrounding tissue and is solely responsible for inflammation-
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induced edema. Vasodilation (increased size of the blood vessels) causes slower blood velocity and i
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ncreases blood flow to the injured site. Endothelial cell contraction (not expansion) leads to increase
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d capillary permeability. Emigration of neutrophils to the area of infection/injury leads to increased
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destruction of the offending agent. zm zm zm zm
,QUESTION 3 zm
What plasma protein system forms a fibrinous meshwork at an inflamed site?
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a. Complement
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b. Coagulation
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c. Kinin
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d. Fibrinolysis
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ANSWER
B. The coagulation (clotting) system is a group of plasma proteins that form a fibrinous meshwork a
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t an injured or inflamed site. This protein system (1) prevents the spread of infection to adjacent tis
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sues, (2) traps microorganisms and foreign bodies at the site of inflammation for removal by infiltra
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ting cells (e.g., neutrophils and macrophages), (3) forms a clot that stops the bleeding, and (4) provi
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des a framework for future repair and healing.
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QUESTION 4 zm
Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for d
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estruction by neutrophils and macrophages?
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a. Complement cascade
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b. Coagulation system
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c. Kinin system
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d. Immune system
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ANSWER
A. C3b (a component of the complement cascade) adheres to the surface of a pathogenic microorgan
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ism and serves as an efficient opsonin. Opsonins are molecules that tag microorganisms for destructi
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on by cells of the inflammatory system, primarily neutrophils and macrophages.
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QUESTION 5 zm
What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells?
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a. Platelet adhesion
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b. Initiation of the clotting cascade
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c. Vasodilation
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d. Increased endothelial adhesiveness
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ANSWER
C. Histamine, when released from mast cells, causes vasodilation.
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QUESTION 6 zm
What is an outcome of the complement cascade?
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a. Activation of the clotting cascade
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b. Prevention of the spread of infection to adjacent tissues
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,c. Inactivation of chemical mediators such as histamine
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d. Lysis of bacterial cell membranes
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ANSWER
D. The complement cascade can be activated by at least three different means, and its products have
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four functions: (1) anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell degranulation, (2) leukocyte chemot
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axis, (3) opsonization, and (4) cell lysis.
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QUESTION 7 zm
What is happening during opsonization?
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ANSWER
During opsonization opsonin binds to a pathogen, then phagocytes are attracted, and the pathogen is
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opsonized (destroyed). It is bound with the antibody IgG.
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QUESTION 8 zm
How does the chemotactic factor affect the inflammatory process?
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a. By causing vasodilation around the inflamed area
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b. By stimulating smooth muscle contraction in the inflamed area
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c. By directing leukocytes to the inflamed area
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d. By producing edema around the inflamed area
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ANSWER
C. Two chemotactic factors, neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) and eosinophil chemotactic factor of
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anaphylaxis (ECF-
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A), are released during mast cell degranulation. NCF attracts neutrophils (a type of leukocytes), and
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ECF-A attracts eosinophils to the site of inflammation.
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QUESTION 9 zm
Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which p
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roblem?
a. Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues.
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b. Complement and chemotaxis are deficient.
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c. Underlying chronic illness(es) exists.
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d. Number of mast cells is insufficient.
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ANSWER
C. In some cases, impaired healing is not directly associated with aging, in general, but can instead
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be linked to a chronic illness such as cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus.
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QUESTION 10 zm
, What is the correct sequence in phagocytosis?
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a. Engulfment, recognition, fusion, destruction
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b. Fusion, engulfment, recognition, destruction
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c. Recognition, engulfment, fusion, destruction
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d. Engulfment, fusion, recognition, destruction
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ANSWER
C. Once the phagocytic cell enters the inflammatory site, the only correct sequence of phagocytosis i
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nvolves the following steps: (1) opsonization, or recognition, of the target and adherence of the pha
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gocyte to it; (2) engulfment, or ingestion or endocytosis, and the formation of phagosome; (3) fusion
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with lysosomal granules within the phagocyte (phagolysosome); and (4) destruction of the target.
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QUESTION 11 zm
When considering white blood cell differentials, acute inflammatory reactions are rela
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ted to elevations of which leukocyte?
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a. Monocytes
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b. Eosinophils
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c. Neutrophils
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d. Basophils
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ANSWER
C. Only neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes in the early inflammatory site, arriving within 6
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to 12 hours after the initial injury, they ingest (phagocytose) bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris
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at the inflammatory site.
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QUESTION 12 zm
In the later stages of an inflammatory response, which phagocytic cell is predominant
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?
a. Neutrophils
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b. Monocytes
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c. Chemokines
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d. Eosinophils
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ANSWER
B. Only monocytes and macrophages perform many of the same functions as neutrophils but for a lo
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nger time and in a later stage of the inflammatory response.
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QUESTION 13 zm
In regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells, the role of eosinophils is to
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mrelease what? zm
a. Arylsulfatase B, which stimulates the formation of B lymphocytes
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b. Histaminase, which limits the effects of histamine during acute inflammation
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Exam Solution zm
Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 2 2026 A+ GRADE AS zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
SURED COMPLETE SOLUTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWER zm zm zm zm zm
S (B41DA) zm
QUESTION 1 zm
Which action is a purpose of the inflammatory process?
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a. To provide specific responses toward antigens
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b. To lyse cell membranes of microorganisms
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c. To prevent infection of the injured tissue
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d. To create immunity against subsequent tissue injury
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ANSWER
C. If the epithelial barrier is damaged, then a highly efficient local and systemic response (inflammat
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ion) is mobilized to limit the extent of damage, to protect against infection, and to initiate the repair
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of damaged tissue. The response to a specific offending agent is the function of the adaptive immun
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e response. Lysosomes lyse cell membranes. Immunity against a subsequent tissue injury occurs thro
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ugh the action of B cells and T cells.
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QUESTION 2 zm
What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?
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a. Vasodilation of blood vessels
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b. Increased capillary permeability
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c. Endothelial cell expansion
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d. Emigration of neutrophils
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ANSWER
B. The increased flow and capillary permeability result in a leakage of plasma from the vessels, caus
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ing swelling (edema) in the surrounding tissue and is solely responsible for inflammation-
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induced edema. Vasodilation (increased size of the blood vessels) causes slower blood velocity and i
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ncreases blood flow to the injured site. Endothelial cell contraction (not expansion) leads to increase
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d capillary permeability. Emigration of neutrophils to the area of infection/injury leads to increased
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destruction of the offending agent. zm zm zm zm
,QUESTION 3 zm
What plasma protein system forms a fibrinous meshwork at an inflamed site?
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a. Complement
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b. Coagulation
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c. Kinin
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d. Fibrinolysis
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ANSWER
B. The coagulation (clotting) system is a group of plasma proteins that form a fibrinous meshwork a
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t an injured or inflamed site. This protein system (1) prevents the spread of infection to adjacent tis
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sues, (2) traps microorganisms and foreign bodies at the site of inflammation for removal by infiltra
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ting cells (e.g., neutrophils and macrophages), (3) forms a clot that stops the bleeding, and (4) provi
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des a framework for future repair and healing.
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QUESTION 4 zm
Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for d
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estruction by neutrophils and macrophages?
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a. Complement cascade
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b. Coagulation system
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c. Kinin system
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d. Immune system
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ANSWER
A. C3b (a component of the complement cascade) adheres to the surface of a pathogenic microorgan
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ism and serves as an efficient opsonin. Opsonins are molecules that tag microorganisms for destructi
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on by cells of the inflammatory system, primarily neutrophils and macrophages.
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QUESTION 5 zm
What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells?
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a. Platelet adhesion
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b. Initiation of the clotting cascade
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c. Vasodilation
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d. Increased endothelial adhesiveness
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ANSWER
C. Histamine, when released from mast cells, causes vasodilation.
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QUESTION 6 zm
What is an outcome of the complement cascade?
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a. Activation of the clotting cascade
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b. Prevention of the spread of infection to adjacent tissues
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,c. Inactivation of chemical mediators such as histamine
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d. Lysis of bacterial cell membranes
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ANSWER
D. The complement cascade can be activated by at least three different means, and its products have
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four functions: (1) anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell degranulation, (2) leukocyte chemot
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axis, (3) opsonization, and (4) cell lysis.
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QUESTION 7 zm
What is happening during opsonization?
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ANSWER
During opsonization opsonin binds to a pathogen, then phagocytes are attracted, and the pathogen is
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opsonized (destroyed). It is bound with the antibody IgG.
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QUESTION 8 zm
How does the chemotactic factor affect the inflammatory process?
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a. By causing vasodilation around the inflamed area
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b. By stimulating smooth muscle contraction in the inflamed area
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c. By directing leukocytes to the inflamed area
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d. By producing edema around the inflamed area
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ANSWER
C. Two chemotactic factors, neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) and eosinophil chemotactic factor of
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anaphylaxis (ECF-
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A), are released during mast cell degranulation. NCF attracts neutrophils (a type of leukocytes), and
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ECF-A attracts eosinophils to the site of inflammation.
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QUESTION 9 zm
Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which p
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roblem?
a. Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues.
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b. Complement and chemotaxis are deficient.
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c. Underlying chronic illness(es) exists.
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d. Number of mast cells is insufficient.
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ANSWER
C. In some cases, impaired healing is not directly associated with aging, in general, but can instead
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be linked to a chronic illness such as cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus.
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QUESTION 10 zm
, What is the correct sequence in phagocytosis?
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a. Engulfment, recognition, fusion, destruction
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b. Fusion, engulfment, recognition, destruction
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c. Recognition, engulfment, fusion, destruction
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d. Engulfment, fusion, recognition, destruction
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ANSWER
C. Once the phagocytic cell enters the inflammatory site, the only correct sequence of phagocytosis i
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nvolves the following steps: (1) opsonization, or recognition, of the target and adherence of the pha
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gocyte to it; (2) engulfment, or ingestion or endocytosis, and the formation of phagosome; (3) fusion
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with lysosomal granules within the phagocyte (phagolysosome); and (4) destruction of the target.
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QUESTION 11 zm
When considering white blood cell differentials, acute inflammatory reactions are rela
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ted to elevations of which leukocyte?
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a. Monocytes
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b. Eosinophils
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c. Neutrophils
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d. Basophils
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ANSWER
C. Only neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes in the early inflammatory site, arriving within 6
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to 12 hours after the initial injury, they ingest (phagocytose) bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris
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at the inflammatory site.
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QUESTION 12 zm
In the later stages of an inflammatory response, which phagocytic cell is predominant
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?
a. Neutrophils
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b. Monocytes
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c. Chemokines
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d. Eosinophils
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ANSWER
B. Only monocytes and macrophages perform many of the same functions as neutrophils but for a lo
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nger time and in a later stage of the inflammatory response.
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QUESTION 13 zm
In regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells, the role of eosinophils is to
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mrelease what? zm
a. Arylsulfatase B, which stimulates the formation of B lymphocytes
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b. Histaminase, which limits the effects of histamine during acute inflammation
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