CISSN STUDY GUIDE
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body - ANS -a.
Carnosine is made in the body from L-histidine and beta-alanine via an
energy-dependent reaction catalyzed by carnosine synthetase.
b. Found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain tissue, kidney, and
stomach.
c. The highest concentration is found in meats and absorbed in the
intestine via peptide trANS porters.
d. Antioxidant activity, (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose
glycation.
e. Suppress lipid peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl
f. Regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in muscle
g. Primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the
field of sports nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of
carnosine is 6.83, it is suggested that carnosine attenuates the
reduction in blood pH by a large amount of H+ originating from the
dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and suppresses a
loss of force.
What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood
glucose? - ANS -+ Slow digesting starch.
,+ Blunts plasma and insulin response leading to prolonged energy
availability and satiety compared to rapidly digested starches.
+ Absorbed with less insulin allowing ketogenic effects to remain.
+ Examples are rice, barley, and corn.
+ Contains two starch polymers: amylose, and amylopectin.
Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively
affecting muscle function? - ANS -Vitamin D
The ISSN opinion on energy drinks - ANS -1. The primary ergogenic
nutrients in most ED and ES appear to be carbohydrates and/or
caffeine.
2. The ergogenic value of caffeine on mental and physical performance
has been well-established but the potential additive benefits of other
nutrients contained in ED and ES remain to be determined.
3. Consuming ED 10-60 minutes before exercise can improve mental
focus, alertness, anaerobic performance, and/or endurance
performance.
4. Many ED and ES contain numerous ingredients; these products in
particular merit further study to demonstrate their safety and potential
effects on physical and mental performance.
5. There is some limited evidence that consumption of low-calorie ED
during training and/or weight loss trials may provide ergogenic benefit
and/or promote a small amount of additional fat loss. However,
,ingestion of higher calorie ED may promote weight gain if the energy
intake from consumption of ED is not carefully considered as part of the
total daily energy intake.
6. Athletes should consider the impact of ingesting high glycemic load
carbohydrates on metabolic health, blood glucose and insulin levels, as
well as the effects of caffeine and other stimulants on motor skill
performance.
7. Children and adolescents should only consider use of ED or ES with
parental approval.
8. Uncareful use of ED or ES, especially if more than one serving per day
is consumed, may lead to adverse events and harmful side effects.
9. Diabetics and individuals with cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatorenal,
and neurologic disease who are taking medications that may be
affected by high glycemic load foods, caffeine, and/or other stimulants
should avoid the use of ED and/or ES unless approved by their
physician.
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humANS ? Give examples of
gluconeogenic precursors. - ANS -Gluconeogenesis relies upon lactate,
pyruvate, glycerol (catabolic produce of triacylglycerols) and certain
amino acids (glutamine and alanine)
What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II
Diabetes? - ANS -Moderate consumption of both caffeinated and
, decaffeinated coffee may lower risk of type 2 diabetes in younger and
middle-aged women.
What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage? -
ANS -(whey protein isolate)
- affected isometric and isokinetic MUSCLE RECOVERY
- improves recovery rates and reduces damage from intense training
When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the
predominant fuel source during distance running? - ANS -fat
What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation
and exercise performance? - ANS -Decreased thermoregulation and
performance. dehydration = fatigue
What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-glutamine supplementation on time-
to- exhaustion and dehydration stress? - ANS -- provides ergogenic
benefit
- increased time-to-exhaustion during mild hydration stress
- enhanced electrolyte and fluid absorption = potential use for
cardiovascular exercise, which causes hydration stress.
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body - ANS -a.
Carnosine is made in the body from L-histidine and beta-alanine via an
energy-dependent reaction catalyzed by carnosine synthetase.
b. Found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain tissue, kidney, and
stomach.
c. The highest concentration is found in meats and absorbed in the
intestine via peptide trANS porters.
d. Antioxidant activity, (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose
glycation.
e. Suppress lipid peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl
f. Regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in muscle
g. Primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the
field of sports nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of
carnosine is 6.83, it is suggested that carnosine attenuates the
reduction in blood pH by a large amount of H+ originating from the
dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and suppresses a
loss of force.
What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood
glucose? - ANS -+ Slow digesting starch.
,+ Blunts plasma and insulin response leading to prolonged energy
availability and satiety compared to rapidly digested starches.
+ Absorbed with less insulin allowing ketogenic effects to remain.
+ Examples are rice, barley, and corn.
+ Contains two starch polymers: amylose, and amylopectin.
Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively
affecting muscle function? - ANS -Vitamin D
The ISSN opinion on energy drinks - ANS -1. The primary ergogenic
nutrients in most ED and ES appear to be carbohydrates and/or
caffeine.
2. The ergogenic value of caffeine on mental and physical performance
has been well-established but the potential additive benefits of other
nutrients contained in ED and ES remain to be determined.
3. Consuming ED 10-60 minutes before exercise can improve mental
focus, alertness, anaerobic performance, and/or endurance
performance.
4. Many ED and ES contain numerous ingredients; these products in
particular merit further study to demonstrate their safety and potential
effects on physical and mental performance.
5. There is some limited evidence that consumption of low-calorie ED
during training and/or weight loss trials may provide ergogenic benefit
and/or promote a small amount of additional fat loss. However,
,ingestion of higher calorie ED may promote weight gain if the energy
intake from consumption of ED is not carefully considered as part of the
total daily energy intake.
6. Athletes should consider the impact of ingesting high glycemic load
carbohydrates on metabolic health, blood glucose and insulin levels, as
well as the effects of caffeine and other stimulants on motor skill
performance.
7. Children and adolescents should only consider use of ED or ES with
parental approval.
8. Uncareful use of ED or ES, especially if more than one serving per day
is consumed, may lead to adverse events and harmful side effects.
9. Diabetics and individuals with cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatorenal,
and neurologic disease who are taking medications that may be
affected by high glycemic load foods, caffeine, and/or other stimulants
should avoid the use of ED and/or ES unless approved by their
physician.
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humANS ? Give examples of
gluconeogenic precursors. - ANS -Gluconeogenesis relies upon lactate,
pyruvate, glycerol (catabolic produce of triacylglycerols) and certain
amino acids (glutamine and alanine)
What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II
Diabetes? - ANS -Moderate consumption of both caffeinated and
, decaffeinated coffee may lower risk of type 2 diabetes in younger and
middle-aged women.
What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage? -
ANS -(whey protein isolate)
- affected isometric and isokinetic MUSCLE RECOVERY
- improves recovery rates and reduces damage from intense training
When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the
predominant fuel source during distance running? - ANS -fat
What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation
and exercise performance? - ANS -Decreased thermoregulation and
performance. dehydration = fatigue
What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-glutamine supplementation on time-
to- exhaustion and dehydration stress? - ANS -- provides ergogenic
benefit
- increased time-to-exhaustion during mild hydration stress
- enhanced electrolyte and fluid absorption = potential use for
cardiovascular exercise, which causes hydration stress.
