# **Study Guide: The Industrial Revolution & Global Transformations (1800–
1914)**
## **Lesson 02 – The Industrial Revolution**
### Key Vocabulary
- Fossil fuel, puddling, free enterprise economy, labor, capital, entrepreneur,
cottage industry.
### Key Ideas
- **Why Britain?** Agricultural Revolution increased food supply; population
growth provided labor; coal and iron ore as key resources; colonial markets
supported trade.
- **Major Innovations:**
- Spinning jenny (Hargreaves), water-powered loom (Cartwright), steam
engine improvements (Watt).
- Puddling process (Cort) for higher-quality iron.
- Railroads (Stephenson’s *Rocket*)—lower costs, expanded markets.
- **Spread of Industrialization:** Britain → Western Europe & U.S.; factors
included political stability, access to resources, transport improvements.
- **Impact in U.S.:** Roads, canals, steamboats (Fulton), cotton gin
(Whitney), increased slavery in the South.
## **Lesson 03 – The Impact of Industrialization**
### Key Vocabulary
- Assembly line, mass production, epidemic disease, industrial capitalism,
bourgeoisie, proletariat, revisionist.
### Key Ideas
- **Second Industrial Revolution:** Steel (Bessemer process), chemicals,
electricity (light bulb, telephone), internal combustion engine, consumer
goods from department stores.
1914)**
## **Lesson 02 – The Industrial Revolution**
### Key Vocabulary
- Fossil fuel, puddling, free enterprise economy, labor, capital, entrepreneur,
cottage industry.
### Key Ideas
- **Why Britain?** Agricultural Revolution increased food supply; population
growth provided labor; coal and iron ore as key resources; colonial markets
supported trade.
- **Major Innovations:**
- Spinning jenny (Hargreaves), water-powered loom (Cartwright), steam
engine improvements (Watt).
- Puddling process (Cort) for higher-quality iron.
- Railroads (Stephenson’s *Rocket*)—lower costs, expanded markets.
- **Spread of Industrialization:** Britain → Western Europe & U.S.; factors
included political stability, access to resources, transport improvements.
- **Impact in U.S.:** Roads, canals, steamboats (Fulton), cotton gin
(Whitney), increased slavery in the South.
## **Lesson 03 – The Impact of Industrialization**
### Key Vocabulary
- Assembly line, mass production, epidemic disease, industrial capitalism,
bourgeoisie, proletariat, revisionist.
### Key Ideas
- **Second Industrial Revolution:** Steel (Bessemer process), chemicals,
electricity (light bulb, telephone), internal combustion engine, consumer
goods from department stores.
