NR283 Exam 3 Actual Exam Style V1 | NR
283 Pathophysiology | Chamberlain
1. Which microorganism is the most common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections
(UTIs)?
A. Staphylococcus aureus
B. Klebsiella pneumoniae
C. Escherichia coli
D. Proteus mirabilis
Correct Answer: C
Expert Explanation: Escherichia coli is the leading cause of UTIs, accounting for the vast
majority of cases in the outpatient setting. These bacteria typically ascend from the
periurethral area into the bladder. Proper hygiene and hydration are key factors in
preventing the colonization of these pathogens.
2. A patient presents with hematuria, proteinuria, and peripheral edema following a recent
streptococcal throat infection. Which condition is most likely?
A. Cystitis
B. Nephrotic Syndrome
C. Renal Calculi
D. Acute Glomerulonephritis
,Correct Answer: D
Expert Explanation: Acute Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory
response following a Group A Beta-hemolytic strep infection. The immune complexes
deposit in the glomerular basement membrane, leading to inflammation and decreased
filtration. This results in the characteristic clinical triad of edema, hypertension, and
hematuria.
3. What is the hallmark clinical finding of Nephrotic Syndrome?
A. Massive proteinuria (>3.5g/day)
B. High fever and chills
C. Severe flank pain
D. Painful urination
Correct Answer: A
Expert Explanation: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria due to
increased glomerular permeability. This loss of protein leads to hypoalbuminemia, which
causes significant generalized edema (anasarca). It is often associated with hyperlipidemia
as the liver compensates for protein loss by increasing lipid production.
4. Which type of acute kidney injury (AKI) is caused by severe dehydration or hemorrhage?
A. Intrarenal AKI
B. Postrenal AKI
, C. Prerenal AKI
D. Chronic AKI
Correct Answer: C
Expert Explanation: Prerenal AKI occurs due to conditions that decrease blood flow to the
kidneys without directly damaging the renal tissue. Hypovolemia from dehydration or
blood loss is a classic cause of this decreased perfusion. If the underlying cause is corrected
quickly, renal function can often be fully restored.
5. A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often develops anemia. What is the primary
cause of this?
A. Inadequate iron intake
B. Chronic blood loss in urine
C. Decreased production of erythropoietin
D. Vitamin B12 deficiency
Correct Answer: C
Expert Explanation: The kidneys are responsible for producing erythropoietin, a hormone
that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow. As kidney function declines
in CKD, erythropoietin levels drop, leading to anemia. Patients often require synthetic
erythropoietin injections to manage this complication.
283 Pathophysiology | Chamberlain
1. Which microorganism is the most common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections
(UTIs)?
A. Staphylococcus aureus
B. Klebsiella pneumoniae
C. Escherichia coli
D. Proteus mirabilis
Correct Answer: C
Expert Explanation: Escherichia coli is the leading cause of UTIs, accounting for the vast
majority of cases in the outpatient setting. These bacteria typically ascend from the
periurethral area into the bladder. Proper hygiene and hydration are key factors in
preventing the colonization of these pathogens.
2. A patient presents with hematuria, proteinuria, and peripheral edema following a recent
streptococcal throat infection. Which condition is most likely?
A. Cystitis
B. Nephrotic Syndrome
C. Renal Calculi
D. Acute Glomerulonephritis
,Correct Answer: D
Expert Explanation: Acute Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory
response following a Group A Beta-hemolytic strep infection. The immune complexes
deposit in the glomerular basement membrane, leading to inflammation and decreased
filtration. This results in the characteristic clinical triad of edema, hypertension, and
hematuria.
3. What is the hallmark clinical finding of Nephrotic Syndrome?
A. Massive proteinuria (>3.5g/day)
B. High fever and chills
C. Severe flank pain
D. Painful urination
Correct Answer: A
Expert Explanation: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria due to
increased glomerular permeability. This loss of protein leads to hypoalbuminemia, which
causes significant generalized edema (anasarca). It is often associated with hyperlipidemia
as the liver compensates for protein loss by increasing lipid production.
4. Which type of acute kidney injury (AKI) is caused by severe dehydration or hemorrhage?
A. Intrarenal AKI
B. Postrenal AKI
, C. Prerenal AKI
D. Chronic AKI
Correct Answer: C
Expert Explanation: Prerenal AKI occurs due to conditions that decrease blood flow to the
kidneys without directly damaging the renal tissue. Hypovolemia from dehydration or
blood loss is a classic cause of this decreased perfusion. If the underlying cause is corrected
quickly, renal function can often be fully restored.
5. A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often develops anemia. What is the primary
cause of this?
A. Inadequate iron intake
B. Chronic blood loss in urine
C. Decreased production of erythropoietin
D. Vitamin B12 deficiency
Correct Answer: C
Expert Explanation: The kidneys are responsible for producing erythropoietin, a hormone
that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow. As kidney function declines
in CKD, erythropoietin levels drop, leading to anemia. Patients often require synthetic
erythropoietin injections to manage this complication.
