D027 Study Guide 2025/2026 Graded A+
Celiac Disease - definition - ANSWER-intolerance of gluten - more pronounced in the
duodenum and jejunum
Celiac Disease - s/s - ANSWER-Abdominal pain/distention, diarrhea (pale, greasy,
bulky, foul), malnutrition complications (rickets, occult blood, anemia), early
bleeds/bruises, hypomagnesemia/hypocalcemia (irritability, tremors, convulsions,
tetany, bone pain)
Celiac Disease - labs - ANSWER-IgA-tTg, IgA-EMA, total IgA
Celiac Disease - testing - ANSWER-serologic measurements of IgA antibodies and
HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8, endoscopy with small intestine biopsy, duodenal biopsy
Sjoren's Syndrome - definition - ANSWER-immune disorder characterized by dry mouth
and dry eyes, mostly in older women
Sjoren's Syndrome - testing - ANSWER-SSA+ and SSB+
Cinnamon - Uses - ANSWER-Lowers BG, Cholesterol, hypertension, risk of bleeding
Cinnamon - adverse efects - ANSWER-avoid use with diabetic drugs, anticoagulants,
and heart meds - breastfeeding women should avoid as a treatment
Gingko Biloba - uses - ANSWER-halt progression of dementia, used for erectile
disfunction
Gingko Biloba - adverse effects - ANSWER-increases risk of bleeding (avoid using with
anticoagulants) and lowers seizure threshold
Glucosamine - uses - ANSWER-osteoarthritis
Green Tea - uses - ANSWER-lose weight, mental clarity
Green Tea - adverse effects - ANSWER-hepatotoxicity, avoid taking with
vasodilators/stimulants/psychoactive medications, contains small amounts of vitamin K
Lavender - uses - ANSWER-increases relaxation, helps with anxiety/stress/insomnia
Lavender - adverse effects - ANSWER-constipation, headache, increase appetite,
decrease BP, caution with CNS depressants
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - structure - ANSWER-LEFT ventricle is
underdeveloped
,Mitral valves not formed properly
Aortic valve not formed properly
Ascending aorta underdeveloped
Atrial septal defect
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - fetal shunts - ANSWER-patent ductus arteriosus -
artery connecting aorta to pulmonary artery
patent foramen ovale - hole connecting right atrium to left atrium
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - survival rates - ANSWER-3-5 year survival rates of
70% for infants with stage 1 repari
Children who survive 12 months have 90% survival rate
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - treatment stage 1 - ANSWER-1-2 weeks old
(norwood procedure)
Enlarges aorta and connects to the right ventricle, shunt to pulmonary artery is created,
patent ductus arteriosus is closed
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - treatment stage 2 - ANSWER-4-6 months old (glenn
procedure)
SVC is connected to pulmonary artery, shunt from norwood is removed
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - treatment stage 3 - ANSWER-18-36 months old
(fontan procedure)
IVC is connected to pulmonary artery, hole is made from the IVC conduit attached to the
right atrium
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - s/s - ANSWER-cyanosis, pallor, sweaty/clammy/cool
skin, trouble breathing, rapid HR, cold feet, poor pedal pulses, poor feeding
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - testing - ANSWER-during pregnancy - prenatal tests
to check for birth defects, ultrasound to identify HLLS, echocardiogram to show
structures of heart
after birth - based on s/s through pallor and cyanosis, newborn will experience s/s once
ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale close
echocardiogram
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - medication - ANSWER-tube feedings, medications
to strengthen heart muscles, lower BP, and remove extra fluid
Parathyroid - function - ANSWER-produces parathyroid hormone that regulates calcium
in the bloodstream/tissue - more PTH released = more calcium in bones released to
blood/tissue = losing density and strength
Parathyroid - labs - ANSWER-calcium (8.6-10.3 mg/dL)
PTH (11-51 pg/mL)
, Parathyroid - s/s hyperparathyroid - ANSWER-osteoporosis, kidney stones, excessive
urination, abdominal pain, fatigue, forgetfulness, bone/joint pain
Parathyroid - s/s hypoparathyroid - ANSWER-High PTH, low T3/T4
paresthesia, twitching of facial muscles, muscle pains/cramps, mood changes,
dry/rough skin
Parathyroid - testing - ANSWER-ultrasound, bone densitometry, body CT/MRI
Parathyroid - medications - ANSWER-calcimimetics, hormone replacement,
biphosphonates
Parathyroid - treatment - ANSWER-maintain low serum calcium level in hypoparathyroid
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - definition - ANSWER-progressive genetic
disorder causing children to age rapidly - no cure - appears in first two years of life
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - causes - ANSWER-abberant splicing of the
LMNA making protein - progerin
Causes the nuclear envelope to surround the nucleus to be unstable and damages it,
causing it to die
test for LMNA mutation
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - assessment - ANSWER-measure
height/weight, plot measurements on normal growth curve chart, test hearing and vision
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - s/s - ANSWER-short stature or slow growth,
slow hair growth, alopecia, joint abnormalities, wrinkle/dry skin, FTT and delayed tooth
development
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - treatment - ANSWER-statins - decrease liver's
production of harmful cholesterol, NSAID - relieve pain, bone medications -
strengthen/build bones, OT/PT
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - life expectancy - ANSWER-Age 10x faster
13-20 years of age - average is 13
Neuropathy - medications - ANSWER-Gabapentin (Neurontin)
Duloxetine (Cymbalta)
Pregabalin (Lyrica)
Hydrotherapy - uses - ANSWER-Helps with multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis
Pneumothorax - definition/testing - ANSWER-collapsed lung - air between lungs and
chest cavity - percussion is hyper-resonant
Celiac Disease - definition - ANSWER-intolerance of gluten - more pronounced in the
duodenum and jejunum
Celiac Disease - s/s - ANSWER-Abdominal pain/distention, diarrhea (pale, greasy,
bulky, foul), malnutrition complications (rickets, occult blood, anemia), early
bleeds/bruises, hypomagnesemia/hypocalcemia (irritability, tremors, convulsions,
tetany, bone pain)
Celiac Disease - labs - ANSWER-IgA-tTg, IgA-EMA, total IgA
Celiac Disease - testing - ANSWER-serologic measurements of IgA antibodies and
HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8, endoscopy with small intestine biopsy, duodenal biopsy
Sjoren's Syndrome - definition - ANSWER-immune disorder characterized by dry mouth
and dry eyes, mostly in older women
Sjoren's Syndrome - testing - ANSWER-SSA+ and SSB+
Cinnamon - Uses - ANSWER-Lowers BG, Cholesterol, hypertension, risk of bleeding
Cinnamon - adverse efects - ANSWER-avoid use with diabetic drugs, anticoagulants,
and heart meds - breastfeeding women should avoid as a treatment
Gingko Biloba - uses - ANSWER-halt progression of dementia, used for erectile
disfunction
Gingko Biloba - adverse effects - ANSWER-increases risk of bleeding (avoid using with
anticoagulants) and lowers seizure threshold
Glucosamine - uses - ANSWER-osteoarthritis
Green Tea - uses - ANSWER-lose weight, mental clarity
Green Tea - adverse effects - ANSWER-hepatotoxicity, avoid taking with
vasodilators/stimulants/psychoactive medications, contains small amounts of vitamin K
Lavender - uses - ANSWER-increases relaxation, helps with anxiety/stress/insomnia
Lavender - adverse effects - ANSWER-constipation, headache, increase appetite,
decrease BP, caution with CNS depressants
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - structure - ANSWER-LEFT ventricle is
underdeveloped
,Mitral valves not formed properly
Aortic valve not formed properly
Ascending aorta underdeveloped
Atrial septal defect
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - fetal shunts - ANSWER-patent ductus arteriosus -
artery connecting aorta to pulmonary artery
patent foramen ovale - hole connecting right atrium to left atrium
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - survival rates - ANSWER-3-5 year survival rates of
70% for infants with stage 1 repari
Children who survive 12 months have 90% survival rate
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - treatment stage 1 - ANSWER-1-2 weeks old
(norwood procedure)
Enlarges aorta and connects to the right ventricle, shunt to pulmonary artery is created,
patent ductus arteriosus is closed
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - treatment stage 2 - ANSWER-4-6 months old (glenn
procedure)
SVC is connected to pulmonary artery, shunt from norwood is removed
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - treatment stage 3 - ANSWER-18-36 months old
(fontan procedure)
IVC is connected to pulmonary artery, hole is made from the IVC conduit attached to the
right atrium
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - s/s - ANSWER-cyanosis, pallor, sweaty/clammy/cool
skin, trouble breathing, rapid HR, cold feet, poor pedal pulses, poor feeding
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - testing - ANSWER-during pregnancy - prenatal tests
to check for birth defects, ultrasound to identify HLLS, echocardiogram to show
structures of heart
after birth - based on s/s through pallor and cyanosis, newborn will experience s/s once
ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale close
echocardiogram
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - medication - ANSWER-tube feedings, medications
to strengthen heart muscles, lower BP, and remove extra fluid
Parathyroid - function - ANSWER-produces parathyroid hormone that regulates calcium
in the bloodstream/tissue - more PTH released = more calcium in bones released to
blood/tissue = losing density and strength
Parathyroid - labs - ANSWER-calcium (8.6-10.3 mg/dL)
PTH (11-51 pg/mL)
, Parathyroid - s/s hyperparathyroid - ANSWER-osteoporosis, kidney stones, excessive
urination, abdominal pain, fatigue, forgetfulness, bone/joint pain
Parathyroid - s/s hypoparathyroid - ANSWER-High PTH, low T3/T4
paresthesia, twitching of facial muscles, muscle pains/cramps, mood changes,
dry/rough skin
Parathyroid - testing - ANSWER-ultrasound, bone densitometry, body CT/MRI
Parathyroid - medications - ANSWER-calcimimetics, hormone replacement,
biphosphonates
Parathyroid - treatment - ANSWER-maintain low serum calcium level in hypoparathyroid
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - definition - ANSWER-progressive genetic
disorder causing children to age rapidly - no cure - appears in first two years of life
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - causes - ANSWER-abberant splicing of the
LMNA making protein - progerin
Causes the nuclear envelope to surround the nucleus to be unstable and damages it,
causing it to die
test for LMNA mutation
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - assessment - ANSWER-measure
height/weight, plot measurements on normal growth curve chart, test hearing and vision
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - s/s - ANSWER-short stature or slow growth,
slow hair growth, alopecia, joint abnormalities, wrinkle/dry skin, FTT and delayed tooth
development
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - treatment - ANSWER-statins - decrease liver's
production of harmful cholesterol, NSAID - relieve pain, bone medications -
strengthen/build bones, OT/PT
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - life expectancy - ANSWER-Age 10x faster
13-20 years of age - average is 13
Neuropathy - medications - ANSWER-Gabapentin (Neurontin)
Duloxetine (Cymbalta)
Pregabalin (Lyrica)
Hydrotherapy - uses - ANSWER-Helps with multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis
Pneumothorax - definition/testing - ANSWER-collapsed lung - air between lungs and
chest cavity - percussion is hyper-resonant
