1-60 of 60
24. Describe the blood brain barrier and the fetal placental barrier.
Give this one a try later!
-The blood brain barrier refers to a network of capillary endothelial cells in the
brain that are impermeable to water soluble drugs. Usually only medications
that are lipid soluble cross this barrier.
-The placental barrier is a lipid membrane that allows passage of drugs by
simple diffusion. The fetus is generally exposed to the same drug
concentrations as the mother. Some drugs may have teratogenic effects
causing physical defects in the developing fetus. (p. 18)
35. What factors place an infant and child at risk when prescribing medications?
Give this one a try later!
, The infant and child are an increased risk due to a lack of clinical drug trials,
which contributes to decreased information on efficacy, adverse effects,
dosage, and frequency. Additionally, medications are often prescribed off-
label in children and infants. Children and infants have an immature live and
kidney function, which places them at an increased risk for developing adverse
effects. (p. 46)
19. Identify drug metabolism and the role of the isoenzymes of the P450 system.
Give this one a try later!
The Cytochrome P450 isoenzymes (CYPs) are superfamily of haemoprotein
enzymes found on the membrane of endoplasmic reticulum. They are
responsible for catalyzing the metabolism of large number of endogenous
and exogenous compounds. CYPs are also known as mixed function oxidases
and mono-oxygenases as metabolism of a substrate by a CYP consumes one
molecule of molecular oxygen and produces an oxidized substrate and
another molecule of oxygen appears in water as byproduct.[1] CYPs are also
called polysubstrate mono-oxygenases as one isoenzyme can have multiple
substrates.[1],[2] These enzymes are responsible for biotransformation of
drugs and are body's defense against xenobiotics along with P-glycoprotein.
P-glycoprotein is efflux pump or transporter present in brain capillary
endothelial cells, intestinal mucosal, renal and tubular cells, hepatic
canalicular cells etc and are responsible for extrusion or efflux of drugs
thereby enhancing drug elimination.
http://www.biology-
online.org/articles/cytochrome_p450_enzyme_isoforms/cytochrome_p450_isoe
nzymes_cyps.html
Cytochrome P450 isoenzymes are predominantly present in liver but are also
found in intestine, lungs, kidneys, brain etc. Biotransformation of drugs by
these enzymes render them ionic and more water soluble so that they can be
excreted, drawback of this process is limited bioavailability of drugs
, Drug-drug interactions have become an important issue in health care. It is
now realized that many drug-drug interactions can be explained by alterations
in the metabolic enzymes that are present in the liver and other extra-hepatic
tissues. Many of the major pharmacokinetic interactions between drugs are
due to hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) enzymes being affected by
previous administration of other drugs. After coadministration, some drugs act
as potent enzy
7. How will you stay up to date with medication administration and prescribing?
Give this one a try later!
...
3. What factors are associated with clinical judgment when prescribing medications?
Give this one a try later!
Is there a clear indication for drug therapy? What drugs are effective in
treating this disorder? What is the goal of therapy with this drug? Under what
conditions is it determined that a drug is not meeting the goal in a different
therapy or drug should be tried? Are there unnecessary duplications with
other drugs the patient is already taking? Would an over-the-counter drug be
just as useful as a prescription drug? What about the cost? Where is the
information to answer these questions?
P.6 Pharm third edition
41. What are the drug reactions with licorice root?
24. Describe the blood brain barrier and the fetal placental barrier.
Give this one a try later!
-The blood brain barrier refers to a network of capillary endothelial cells in the
brain that are impermeable to water soluble drugs. Usually only medications
that are lipid soluble cross this barrier.
-The placental barrier is a lipid membrane that allows passage of drugs by
simple diffusion. The fetus is generally exposed to the same drug
concentrations as the mother. Some drugs may have teratogenic effects
causing physical defects in the developing fetus. (p. 18)
35. What factors place an infant and child at risk when prescribing medications?
Give this one a try later!
, The infant and child are an increased risk due to a lack of clinical drug trials,
which contributes to decreased information on efficacy, adverse effects,
dosage, and frequency. Additionally, medications are often prescribed off-
label in children and infants. Children and infants have an immature live and
kidney function, which places them at an increased risk for developing adverse
effects. (p. 46)
19. Identify drug metabolism and the role of the isoenzymes of the P450 system.
Give this one a try later!
The Cytochrome P450 isoenzymes (CYPs) are superfamily of haemoprotein
enzymes found on the membrane of endoplasmic reticulum. They are
responsible for catalyzing the metabolism of large number of endogenous
and exogenous compounds. CYPs are also known as mixed function oxidases
and mono-oxygenases as metabolism of a substrate by a CYP consumes one
molecule of molecular oxygen and produces an oxidized substrate and
another molecule of oxygen appears in water as byproduct.[1] CYPs are also
called polysubstrate mono-oxygenases as one isoenzyme can have multiple
substrates.[1],[2] These enzymes are responsible for biotransformation of
drugs and are body's defense against xenobiotics along with P-glycoprotein.
P-glycoprotein is efflux pump or transporter present in brain capillary
endothelial cells, intestinal mucosal, renal and tubular cells, hepatic
canalicular cells etc and are responsible for extrusion or efflux of drugs
thereby enhancing drug elimination.
http://www.biology-
online.org/articles/cytochrome_p450_enzyme_isoforms/cytochrome_p450_isoe
nzymes_cyps.html
Cytochrome P450 isoenzymes are predominantly present in liver but are also
found in intestine, lungs, kidneys, brain etc. Biotransformation of drugs by
these enzymes render them ionic and more water soluble so that they can be
excreted, drawback of this process is limited bioavailability of drugs
, Drug-drug interactions have become an important issue in health care. It is
now realized that many drug-drug interactions can be explained by alterations
in the metabolic enzymes that are present in the liver and other extra-hepatic
tissues. Many of the major pharmacokinetic interactions between drugs are
due to hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) enzymes being affected by
previous administration of other drugs. After coadministration, some drugs act
as potent enzy
7. How will you stay up to date with medication administration and prescribing?
Give this one a try later!
...
3. What factors are associated with clinical judgment when prescribing medications?
Give this one a try later!
Is there a clear indication for drug therapy? What drugs are effective in
treating this disorder? What is the goal of therapy with this drug? Under what
conditions is it determined that a drug is not meeting the goal in a different
therapy or drug should be tried? Are there unnecessary duplications with
other drugs the patient is already taking? Would an over-the-counter drug be
just as useful as a prescription drug? What about the cost? Where is the
information to answer these questions?
P.6 Pharm third edition
41. What are the drug reactions with licorice root?
