1|Page
NURS 231 Pathophysiology 2026/2027 Exam 1
Questions | Verified Answers | Detailed Rationales |
Grade A | Portage Learning
1. Who was Florence Nightingale?
Correct Answer: Florence Nightingale was the founder of modern nursing,
also known as the "lady with the lamp." She advocated for patients to have
clean conditions and adequate nutrition, believed in giving patients
compassion, and was a nurse in the Crimean War where she and her team
saved many lives.
Rationale:
1. Florence Nightingale established the first secular nursing school.
2. She is a foundational figure in nursing history.
3. This is a standard nursing history question.
2. Who was Mary Breckinridge?
Correct Answer: Mary Breckinridge served communities that could not be
accessed by road or railway. She rode her horse to get to these underserved
communities. She believed in quality healthcare for everyone and that people
in rural areas deserved the same healthcare as those in the cities.
Rationale:
1. Mary Breckinridge founded the Frontier Nursing Service.
,2|Page
2. She was a pioneer in rural healthcare and nurse-midwifery.
3. This is a standard nursing history question.
3. Who was Lillian Wald?
Correct Answer: Lillian Wald lobbied for women's rights and workplace
safety.
Rationale:
1. Lillian Wald founded the Henry Street Settlement and public health nursing.
2. This is a standard nursing history question.
4. Who was Mary Eliza Mahoney?
Correct Answer: Mary Eliza Mahoney was the first formally educated African
American nurse and a huge advocate for other African American nurses.
Rationale:
1. Mary Mahoney was a pioneer for diversity in nursing.
2. This is a standard nursing history question.
5. Who was Isabelle Hanson Robb?
Correct Answer: Isabelle Hanson Robb founded the American Nurses
Association (ANA) in 1911, which gave nurses a political voice and advocated
for nurses.
Rationale:
1. The ANA is the premier professional organization for nurses in the US.
2. This is a standard nursing history question.
6. Who was Kristen Swanson?
, 3|Page
Correct Answer: Kristen Swanson created the Theory of Caring and Healing.
Rationale:
1. Swanson's Theory of Caring is a middle-range nursing theory.
2. This is a standard nursing theory question.
7. What was the Theory of Caring and Healing?
Correct Answer: The Theory of Caring and Healing includes: maintaining
beliefs, knowing, being with, doing for, and enabling.
Rationale:
1. Swanson's theory defines five caring processes.
2. This is a standard nursing theory question.
8. What is "maintaining beliefs" according to Swanson's theory?
Correct Answer: Maintaining beliefs means ongoing faith, instilling hope,
appreciating the uniqueness of the individual, believing in the patient's ability
to reach goals, respecting the abilities of patients, offering realistic optimism,
and understanding the event considering physical, emotional, cultural, and
spiritual aspects.
Rationale:
1. This caring process focuses on the patient's faith and hope.
2. This is a standard nursing theory question.
9. What is "knowing" according to Swanson's theory?
Correct Answer: Knowing means acknowledging events in the patient's life
according to the meaning they hold for THEM, avoiding assumptions, showing
NURS 231 Pathophysiology 2026/2027 Exam 1
Questions | Verified Answers | Detailed Rationales |
Grade A | Portage Learning
1. Who was Florence Nightingale?
Correct Answer: Florence Nightingale was the founder of modern nursing,
also known as the "lady with the lamp." She advocated for patients to have
clean conditions and adequate nutrition, believed in giving patients
compassion, and was a nurse in the Crimean War where she and her team
saved many lives.
Rationale:
1. Florence Nightingale established the first secular nursing school.
2. She is a foundational figure in nursing history.
3. This is a standard nursing history question.
2. Who was Mary Breckinridge?
Correct Answer: Mary Breckinridge served communities that could not be
accessed by road or railway. She rode her horse to get to these underserved
communities. She believed in quality healthcare for everyone and that people
in rural areas deserved the same healthcare as those in the cities.
Rationale:
1. Mary Breckinridge founded the Frontier Nursing Service.
,2|Page
2. She was a pioneer in rural healthcare and nurse-midwifery.
3. This is a standard nursing history question.
3. Who was Lillian Wald?
Correct Answer: Lillian Wald lobbied for women's rights and workplace
safety.
Rationale:
1. Lillian Wald founded the Henry Street Settlement and public health nursing.
2. This is a standard nursing history question.
4. Who was Mary Eliza Mahoney?
Correct Answer: Mary Eliza Mahoney was the first formally educated African
American nurse and a huge advocate for other African American nurses.
Rationale:
1. Mary Mahoney was a pioneer for diversity in nursing.
2. This is a standard nursing history question.
5. Who was Isabelle Hanson Robb?
Correct Answer: Isabelle Hanson Robb founded the American Nurses
Association (ANA) in 1911, which gave nurses a political voice and advocated
for nurses.
Rationale:
1. The ANA is the premier professional organization for nurses in the US.
2. This is a standard nursing history question.
6. Who was Kristen Swanson?
, 3|Page
Correct Answer: Kristen Swanson created the Theory of Caring and Healing.
Rationale:
1. Swanson's Theory of Caring is a middle-range nursing theory.
2. This is a standard nursing theory question.
7. What was the Theory of Caring and Healing?
Correct Answer: The Theory of Caring and Healing includes: maintaining
beliefs, knowing, being with, doing for, and enabling.
Rationale:
1. Swanson's theory defines five caring processes.
2. This is a standard nursing theory question.
8. What is "maintaining beliefs" according to Swanson's theory?
Correct Answer: Maintaining beliefs means ongoing faith, instilling hope,
appreciating the uniqueness of the individual, believing in the patient's ability
to reach goals, respecting the abilities of patients, offering realistic optimism,
and understanding the event considering physical, emotional, cultural, and
spiritual aspects.
Rationale:
1. This caring process focuses on the patient's faith and hope.
2. This is a standard nursing theory question.
9. What is "knowing" according to Swanson's theory?
Correct Answer: Knowing means acknowledging events in the patient's life
according to the meaning they hold for THEM, avoiding assumptions, showing
