, List three normative and three non-normative influences in your life.
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Describe (and speculate) on the ways an 80-year-old and a 20-year-old might view the
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Great Recession and Obama's presidency.
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Joey and Jack are born on the same day in the same hospital. The socioeconomic status of
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Joey's family is higher than average. Jack comes from a poverty-level family. What
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differences between Joe and Jack might you predict as they travel through life?
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Explain how you might teach table manners to a 4-year-old, using operant conditioning.
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Brandi, a college sophomore, seeks help from the counseling center for her extreme
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shyness and is offered a choice of treatments. She can have sessions with a behavioral
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therapist, work with a psychoanalyst, or get therapy from a person who follows the
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developmental systems perspective. Explain in a sentence how each treatment would T T T T T T T T T T T
differ from the others.T T T
Dr. Ragan, a behaviorist, is the new director of an organization that prepares people to
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return to college after they have dropped out. Dr. Ragan's mission is to design a program
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to assist clients in their efforts to successfully reenter school. Using the principles of
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traditional behaviorism, modeling, and self-efficacy, spell out some strategies that Dr.
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Regan might employ. T T
Spell out the main similarity and difference between John Bowlby's attachment theory and
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traditional psychoanalytic theory. T T
As a psychologist, you want to determine the heritability (or genetic contribution) to
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political attitudes. Describe how you would design your study. What findings would
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suggest that political attitudes are highly genetic?
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Give an example each of evocative and active genetic/environment forces and how they
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have shaped the person you are. Then give an example of either an optimum or poor
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person-environment fit this semester in your life. T T T T T T
Compare and contrast Erikson and Freud's ideas.
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Page 1
,Explain Piaget's concepts of assimilation and accommodation and give a concrete
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example of those processes. T T T
You are a developmentalist studying the relationship between parenting practices and
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children's sociability. Your plan is to watch each family's interactions at home, and then
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observe each child's relationships with peers at school. Name your type of measurement
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and spell out its advantage and disadvantages.
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Melissa and Ramon want to conduct a study to determine if exercise promotes health.
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Melissa plans to test this question using a correlational approach, while Ramon decides
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to conduct an experiment. Describe what each student's research might look like and
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discuss the respective pluses and minuses of each plan.
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After conducting a cross-sectional study, you find that older workers are more satisfied with
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their jobs than are younger workers. How should you interpret this finding?
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List the pluses and minuses of conducting longitudinal research.
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Take a specific concept, term, or theory in this chapter and discuss how it applies to your
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own life. T
Page 2
, Answer Key T
Here, while answers will vary, normative influences would center on predictable
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culturally and biologically shared events, such as going to kindergarten, reaching
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puberty, having children, dying, and so forth. In cataloguing non-normative influences,
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students should refer to any major unexpected event in their lives.
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Students' answers could legitimately vary, but I'd suspect for the 80-year-old, this election
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of our first Black president might be an incredible surprise; not so for today's emerging
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adults. In contrast, the opposite might be true of the financial crisis: it is likely to be a
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shock for emerging adults, but all too familiar for people who were born during the
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Great Depression of the l930s. T T T T
At every age, Joey might be healthier; Joey also may end up more well-educated; more
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likely to be married, and so forth.T T T T T T
Answers will center on reinforcing the child for sitting still, using a fork, saying “please pass
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the peas,” etc.; and ignoring the child when he shows inappropriate behavior. You can
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also use time out when the child misbehaves.
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The behaviorist might focus on getting Brandi in positively reinforcing social situations to
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try to extinguish her shyness. The psychoanalyst would encourage Brandi to talk about
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her early life experiences and get insight into the unconscious roots of her shyness. A
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developmental systems proponent would attack the problem on several fronts T T T T T T T T T
—trying out medications and different types of therapy, exploring how everything from
T T T T T T T T T T T T
cultural and family values to genetic predispositions might be causing Brandi's
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symptoms.
From traditional behaviorism—Reinforce clients step by step for making applications,
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going for interviews, either individually or as a group. From modeling—specifically
T T T T T T T T T T T
bring in people who have successfully returned to college years after they dropped out,
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to talk to clients; have clients model each other in filling out applications, and so forth,
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in group sessions. Self-efficacy interventions—continually bring home the message
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“you can succeed” directly and also via using the other techniques mentioned
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previously.
Bowlby agreed with the Freudians that our early experiences with caregivers shape our
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
mental health; but he also believed in a nature explanation of behavior, namely, that the
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attachment response is biologically built in to promote species survival. T T T T T T T T T
Here you could conduct a twin study, soliciting a large sample of identical and fraternal
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twins and comparing the similarity of “identicals” attitudes on a test of political attitudes
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with those of “fraternals.” If the identical twins had much more similar views than the
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fraternal twins, your conclusion would be that political attitudes are highly genetically
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determined. Alternatively, you could select adopted children and compare their political
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views with their biological and adoptive parents' views. If you found a high correlation
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between adoptees' attitudes and their birth parents views and virtually no similarity
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between adoptees' attitudes and their adoptive parents' views, you could make the same
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conclusion.
Answers will vary. Evocative influences, however, will relate to how personality traits—
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shyness, happiness, kindness, and so forth, naturally affect how other people relate to
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
that student. In describing active forces, students should talk about talents and interests
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that propelled them to actively select environments where they learned to improve at
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Page 3
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Describe (and speculate) on the ways an 80-year-old and a 20-year-old might view the
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
Great Recession and Obama's presidency.
T T T T
Joey and Jack are born on the same day in the same hospital. The socioeconomic status of
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
Joey's family is higher than average. Jack comes from a poverty-level family. What
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
differences between Joe and Jack might you predict as they travel through life?
T T T T T T T T T T T T
Explain how you might teach table manners to a 4-year-old, using operant conditioning.
T T T T T T T T T T T T
Brandi, a college sophomore, seeks help from the counseling center for her extreme
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
shyness and is offered a choice of treatments. She can have sessions with a behavioral
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
therapist, work with a psychoanalyst, or get therapy from a person who follows the
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
developmental systems perspective. Explain in a sentence how each treatment would T T T T T T T T T T T
differ from the others.T T T
Dr. Ragan, a behaviorist, is the new director of an organization that prepares people to
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
return to college after they have dropped out. Dr. Ragan's mission is to design a program
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
to assist clients in their efforts to successfully reenter school. Using the principles of
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
traditional behaviorism, modeling, and self-efficacy, spell out some strategies that Dr.
T T T T T T T T T T T
Regan might employ. T T
Spell out the main similarity and difference between John Bowlby's attachment theory and
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
traditional psychoanalytic theory. T T
As a psychologist, you want to determine the heritability (or genetic contribution) to
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
political attitudes. Describe how you would design your study. What findings would
T T T T T T T T T T T T
suggest that political attitudes are highly genetic?
T T T T T T
Give an example each of evocative and active genetic/environment forces and how they
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
have shaped the person you are. Then give an example of either an optimum or poor
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
person-environment fit this semester in your life. T T T T T T
Compare and contrast Erikson and Freud's ideas.
T T T T T T
Page 1
,Explain Piaget's concepts of assimilation and accommodation and give a concrete
T T T T T T T T T T T
example of those processes. T T T
You are a developmentalist studying the relationship between parenting practices and
T T T T T T T T T T T
children's sociability. Your plan is to watch each family's interactions at home, and then
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
observe each child's relationships with peers at school. Name your type of measurement
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
and spell out its advantage and disadvantages.
T T T T T T
Melissa and Ramon want to conduct a study to determine if exercise promotes health.
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
Melissa plans to test this question using a correlational approach, while Ramon decides
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
to conduct an experiment. Describe what each student's research might look like and
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
discuss the respective pluses and minuses of each plan.
T T T T T T T T
After conducting a cross-sectional study, you find that older workers are more satisfied with
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
their jobs than are younger workers. How should you interpret this finding?
T T T T T T T T T T T
List the pluses and minuses of conducting longitudinal research.
T T T T T T T T
Take a specific concept, term, or theory in this chapter and discuss how it applies to your
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
own life. T
Page 2
, Answer Key T
Here, while answers will vary, normative influences would center on predictable
T T T T T T T T T T T
culturally and biologically shared events, such as going to kindergarten, reaching
T T T T T T T T T T T
puberty, having children, dying, and so forth. In cataloguing non-normative influences,
T T T T T T T T T T T
students should refer to any major unexpected event in their lives.
T T T T T T T T T T
Students' answers could legitimately vary, but I'd suspect for the 80-year-old, this election
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
of our first Black president might be an incredible surprise; not so for today's emerging
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
adults. In contrast, the opposite might be true of the financial crisis: it is likely to be a
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
shock for emerging adults, but all too familiar for people who were born during the
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
Great Depression of the l930s. T T T T
At every age, Joey might be healthier; Joey also may end up more well-educated; more
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
likely to be married, and so forth.T T T T T T
Answers will center on reinforcing the child for sitting still, using a fork, saying “please pass
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
the peas,” etc.; and ignoring the child when he shows inappropriate behavior. You can
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
also use time out when the child misbehaves.
T T T T T T T
The behaviorist might focus on getting Brandi in positively reinforcing social situations to
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
try to extinguish her shyness. The psychoanalyst would encourage Brandi to talk about
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
her early life experiences and get insight into the unconscious roots of her shyness. A
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
developmental systems proponent would attack the problem on several fronts T T T T T T T T T
—trying out medications and different types of therapy, exploring how everything from
T T T T T T T T T T T T
cultural and family values to genetic predispositions might be causing Brandi's
T T T T T T T T T T T
symptoms.
From traditional behaviorism—Reinforce clients step by step for making applications,
T T T T T T T T T T
going for interviews, either individually or as a group. From modeling—specifically
T T T T T T T T T T T
bring in people who have successfully returned to college years after they dropped out,
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
to talk to clients; have clients model each other in filling out applications, and so forth,
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
in group sessions. Self-efficacy interventions—continually bring home the message
T T T T T T T T T
“you can succeed” directly and also via using the other techniques mentioned
T T T T T T T T T T T T
previously.
Bowlby agreed with the Freudians that our early experiences with caregivers shape our
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
mental health; but he also believed in a nature explanation of behavior, namely, that the
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
attachment response is biologically built in to promote species survival. T T T T T T T T T
Here you could conduct a twin study, soliciting a large sample of identical and fraternal
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
twins and comparing the similarity of “identicals” attitudes on a test of political attitudes
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
with those of “fraternals.” If the identical twins had much more similar views than the
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
fraternal twins, your conclusion would be that political attitudes are highly genetically
T T T T T T T T T T T T
determined. Alternatively, you could select adopted children and compare their political
T T T T T T T T T T T
views with their biological and adoptive parents' views. If you found a high correlation
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
between adoptees' attitudes and their birth parents views and virtually no similarity
T T T T T T T T T T T T
between adoptees' attitudes and their adoptive parents' views, you could make the same
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
conclusion.
Answers will vary. Evocative influences, however, will relate to how personality traits—
T T T T T T T T T T T T
shyness, happiness, kindness, and so forth, naturally affect how other people relate to
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
that student. In describing active forces, students should talk about talents and interests
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
that propelled them to actively select environments where they learned to improve at
T T T T T T T T T T T T
Page 3
