ONCC PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS AND
DETAILED SOLUTIONS 2026
▶ Characteristics of Cancer Cells. Answer: -Malignant tumors are not
encapsulated
-Cell structure is different from parent tissue (no as well differentiated)
-Cell division is uncontrolled
-Cells are loosely adherent without contact inhibition
-Cells are able to invade neighboring tissue
-Cells can migrate and metastasize to distant sites
-Can stimulate the development of new blood vessels to supply the tumor
(angiogenesis)
▶ Proto-oncogene. Answer: -regulate normal cell growth and division
-large family of genes that code for proteins and enzymes that turn on the
cell cyle
,▶ Oncogene. Answer: when mistakes in copies of DNA can occur, if a
mutation occurs next to a proto-oncogene, it can "turn on" and become a
______
▶ Examples of oncogoenes. Answer: 1. EGFR or Erb-B1 (codes for an
epidermal GF receptor in the receptor-tyrosine kinase family ad is
associated with head and neck and colorectal cancers)
-EGFR inhibitor therapies are known to cause cutaneous reactions
2. Erb-B2 or HER2/neu (codes for an EGFR protein in the tyrosine kinase
family and is associated with some breast cancers)
▶ Tumor suppressor genes. Answer: -act like brakes in a car, slowing
down or stopping cell growth and division
-in the presence of malignancies, they bind to DNA with intention of
repairing or activating apoptosis
-for it to be turned on it must be expressed or "opened" in the DNA helix so
that it can be transcribed or copied
▶ p53. Answer: -"sucidie gene"
, -activates apoptosis when the cell is damaged beyond repair or too old to
function
-more than 50% of solid tumors, the gene is mutated and unable to perform
its normal function
▶ Growth Signals. Answer: -cancer cells are able to find their own growth
signals making them self-sufficient
▶ Signal transduction. Answer: -the communication or passage of a
message telling the cell to do a biologic process, such as make a protein,
divide, or make new blood vessels
▶ Signal transduction steps. Answer: 1. Messages usually sent from
outside the cell where the messenger (ligand) first binds to the cell receptor
which extended through the cell membrane
2. These receptors ae called receptor tyrosine kinases
3. To send the message through the membrane, the receptor often has to
join with another recetor to become active and t autophophorylate
4. This is called dimerization and can be the following:
DETAILED SOLUTIONS 2026
▶ Characteristics of Cancer Cells. Answer: -Malignant tumors are not
encapsulated
-Cell structure is different from parent tissue (no as well differentiated)
-Cell division is uncontrolled
-Cells are loosely adherent without contact inhibition
-Cells are able to invade neighboring tissue
-Cells can migrate and metastasize to distant sites
-Can stimulate the development of new blood vessels to supply the tumor
(angiogenesis)
▶ Proto-oncogene. Answer: -regulate normal cell growth and division
-large family of genes that code for proteins and enzymes that turn on the
cell cyle
,▶ Oncogene. Answer: when mistakes in copies of DNA can occur, if a
mutation occurs next to a proto-oncogene, it can "turn on" and become a
______
▶ Examples of oncogoenes. Answer: 1. EGFR or Erb-B1 (codes for an
epidermal GF receptor in the receptor-tyrosine kinase family ad is
associated with head and neck and colorectal cancers)
-EGFR inhibitor therapies are known to cause cutaneous reactions
2. Erb-B2 or HER2/neu (codes for an EGFR protein in the tyrosine kinase
family and is associated with some breast cancers)
▶ Tumor suppressor genes. Answer: -act like brakes in a car, slowing
down or stopping cell growth and division
-in the presence of malignancies, they bind to DNA with intention of
repairing or activating apoptosis
-for it to be turned on it must be expressed or "opened" in the DNA helix so
that it can be transcribed or copied
▶ p53. Answer: -"sucidie gene"
, -activates apoptosis when the cell is damaged beyond repair or too old to
function
-more than 50% of solid tumors, the gene is mutated and unable to perform
its normal function
▶ Growth Signals. Answer: -cancer cells are able to find their own growth
signals making them self-sufficient
▶ Signal transduction. Answer: -the communication or passage of a
message telling the cell to do a biologic process, such as make a protein,
divide, or make new blood vessels
▶ Signal transduction steps. Answer: 1. Messages usually sent from
outside the cell where the messenger (ligand) first binds to the cell receptor
which extended through the cell membrane
2. These receptors ae called receptor tyrosine kinases
3. To send the message through the membrane, the receptor often has to
join with another recetor to become active and t autophophorylate
4. This is called dimerization and can be the following:
