CARDIOVASCULAR AND HEMATOLOGY
PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS AND
DETAILED SOLUTIONS 2026
▶ Heart Valves. Answer: 4 Valves (ONE WAY FLOW): Tricuspid,
Pulmonary, Mitral/Bicuspid, Aortic.
▶ Blood Flow Pathway. Answer: 1. Body → Superior/Inferior Vena Cava,
2. Right Atrium, 3. Tricuspid Valve, 4. Right Ventricle, 5. Pulmonary Valve,
6. Pulmonary Artery, 7. Lungs, 8. Pulmonary Veins, 9. Left Atrium, 10.
Mitral Valve, 11. Left Ventricle, 12. Aortic Valve, 13. Aorta, 14. Body.
▶ Red Blood. Answer: Oxygenated.
▶ Blue Blood. Answer: Deoxygenated (just a diagram trick — real blood is
always red).
▶ Pulmonary Circuit. Answer: Heart → Lungs → Heart (pick up oxygen).
▶ Systemic Circuit. Answer: Heart → Body → Heart (deliver oxygen).
▶ Heart Electrical System. Answer: Heart is AUTO; generates its own
signals; nervous system only adjusts speed.
▶ EKG Waves. Answer: P wave → atria contract; QRS complex →
ventricles contract; T wave → ventricles relax.
▶ Heart Sounds. Answer: "Lub" (S1) = AV valves close; "Dub" (S2) =
semilunar valves close.
▶ Cardiac Cycle. Answer: Systole = contraction; Diastole = relaxation.
▶ Arteries. Answer: Carry blood away from heart; thick walls; high
pressure.
PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS AND
DETAILED SOLUTIONS 2026
▶ Heart Valves. Answer: 4 Valves (ONE WAY FLOW): Tricuspid,
Pulmonary, Mitral/Bicuspid, Aortic.
▶ Blood Flow Pathway. Answer: 1. Body → Superior/Inferior Vena Cava,
2. Right Atrium, 3. Tricuspid Valve, 4. Right Ventricle, 5. Pulmonary Valve,
6. Pulmonary Artery, 7. Lungs, 8. Pulmonary Veins, 9. Left Atrium, 10.
Mitral Valve, 11. Left Ventricle, 12. Aortic Valve, 13. Aorta, 14. Body.
▶ Red Blood. Answer: Oxygenated.
▶ Blue Blood. Answer: Deoxygenated (just a diagram trick — real blood is
always red).
▶ Pulmonary Circuit. Answer: Heart → Lungs → Heart (pick up oxygen).
▶ Systemic Circuit. Answer: Heart → Body → Heart (deliver oxygen).
▶ Heart Electrical System. Answer: Heart is AUTO; generates its own
signals; nervous system only adjusts speed.
▶ EKG Waves. Answer: P wave → atria contract; QRS complex →
ventricles contract; T wave → ventricles relax.
▶ Heart Sounds. Answer: "Lub" (S1) = AV valves close; "Dub" (S2) =
semilunar valves close.
▶ Cardiac Cycle. Answer: Systole = contraction; Diastole = relaxation.
▶ Arteries. Answer: Carry blood away from heart; thick walls; high
pressure.