NUR155 EXAM 2 CERTIFICATION EVALUATION
SCRIPT 2026 TESTED QUESTIONS AND FULL
SOLUTION
◉ 3 types of Extracellular fluids Answer: interstitial, intravascular,
and transcellular
◉ What is diffusion? Answer: The movement of molecules through a
semipermeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to
an area of lower concentration.
◉ What is osmosis? Answer: Water molecules move from the less
concentrated area to the more concentrated area in an attempt to
equalize the concentration of solutions on two sides of a membrane.
◉ What is filtration? Answer: Schematic of filtration pressure
changes within a capillary bed. On the arterial side, arterial blood
pressure exceeds colloid osmotic pressure, so that water and
dissolved substances move out of the capillary into the interstitial
space. On the venous side, venous blood pressure is less than colloid
osmotic pressure, so that water and dissolved substances move into
the capillary.
,◉ What are electrolytes? Answer: -Substances that develop an
electric charge when dissolved in water.
-Usually measured in milliequivalents (mEq)
◉ What are cations? Answer: -carry a (+) charge
-Na, K, Ca, Mg
◉ What are anions? Answer: -carry a (-) charge
-Cl, HCO3, HPO4, So4
◉ Fluid Regulation:
1. intake
2.Thirst mechanism
3. Output Answer: Thirst Mechanism-
1. Decreased volume of ECF --> stimulates osmorecptors in
hypothalamic thirst center
2. Increased osmolality of ECF fluid --> decreased saliva secretion -->
dry mouth =
Sensation of the thirst: person seek a drink --> water absorbed from
GI tract =
, 1. Increased volume of ECF
2. Decreased osmolality of ECF
◉ Maintaining Homeostasis: Kidney Hormones Answer: Antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Atrial natriuretic factor
◉ Major Electrolytes: Sodium pg.1456 and 1464 Answer: Function:
controlling and regulating water balance
Normal Lab values: 135-145 mEq/L
Food Sources: bacon, ham, processed foods, and table salt
Hyponatremia: is a serum sodium level lower than 135 mEq/L.
Hypernatremia: is the serum sodium lever higher than 145 mEq/L.
◉ Major Electrolytes: Potassium Answer: Function: is a vital
electrolyte for skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle activity.
maintaining acid-base balance
SCRIPT 2026 TESTED QUESTIONS AND FULL
SOLUTION
◉ 3 types of Extracellular fluids Answer: interstitial, intravascular,
and transcellular
◉ What is diffusion? Answer: The movement of molecules through a
semipermeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to
an area of lower concentration.
◉ What is osmosis? Answer: Water molecules move from the less
concentrated area to the more concentrated area in an attempt to
equalize the concentration of solutions on two sides of a membrane.
◉ What is filtration? Answer: Schematic of filtration pressure
changes within a capillary bed. On the arterial side, arterial blood
pressure exceeds colloid osmotic pressure, so that water and
dissolved substances move out of the capillary into the interstitial
space. On the venous side, venous blood pressure is less than colloid
osmotic pressure, so that water and dissolved substances move into
the capillary.
,◉ What are electrolytes? Answer: -Substances that develop an
electric charge when dissolved in water.
-Usually measured in milliequivalents (mEq)
◉ What are cations? Answer: -carry a (+) charge
-Na, K, Ca, Mg
◉ What are anions? Answer: -carry a (-) charge
-Cl, HCO3, HPO4, So4
◉ Fluid Regulation:
1. intake
2.Thirst mechanism
3. Output Answer: Thirst Mechanism-
1. Decreased volume of ECF --> stimulates osmorecptors in
hypothalamic thirst center
2. Increased osmolality of ECF fluid --> decreased saliva secretion -->
dry mouth =
Sensation of the thirst: person seek a drink --> water absorbed from
GI tract =
, 1. Increased volume of ECF
2. Decreased osmolality of ECF
◉ Maintaining Homeostasis: Kidney Hormones Answer: Antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Atrial natriuretic factor
◉ Major Electrolytes: Sodium pg.1456 and 1464 Answer: Function:
controlling and regulating water balance
Normal Lab values: 135-145 mEq/L
Food Sources: bacon, ham, processed foods, and table salt
Hyponatremia: is a serum sodium level lower than 135 mEq/L.
Hypernatremia: is the serum sodium lever higher than 145 mEq/L.
◉ Major Electrolytes: Potassium Answer: Function: is a vital
electrolyte for skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle activity.
maintaining acid-base balance
