NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm
2025/2026 Guide| Questions & Answers|
Grade A| 100% Correct (Verified Solutions)-
Chamberlain
1. Which cellular adaptation occurs when cells increase in size due to increased workload?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Hypertrophy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, commonly seen in cardiac and skeletal
muscle under increased workload.
2. Which condition is caused by irreversible cell injury?
A. Fatty change
B. Cell swelling
C. Apoptosis
D. Necrosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death resulting from irreversible injury.
3. Apoptosis differs from necrosis because apoptosis:
A. Causes inflammation
B. Results from ischemia
C. Is programmed cell death
D. Causes membrane rupture
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is genetically programmed and does not trigger inflammation.
4. What is the primary cause of hypoxic cell injury?
A. Free radical production
,B. Decreased ATP production
C. Increased protein synthesis
D. Elevated calcium levels
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoxia reduces ATP production, disrupting sodium-potassium pumps and cell
integrity.
5. Which electrolyte is most responsible for cell injury when excessively intracellular?
A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Calcium
D. Chloride
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Elevated intracellular calcium activates destructive enzymes leading to cell death.
INFLAMMATION & IMMUNE RESPONSE
6. Acute inflammation is primarily characterized by the presence of:
A. Macrophages
B. Plasma cells
C. Neutrophils
D. Lymphocytes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first responders in acute inflammation.
7. Which chemical mediator increases vascular permeability?
A. Histamine
B. Insulin
C. Serotonin
D. Acetylcholine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Histamine causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
, 8. Chronic inflammation is most associated with:
A. Neutrophils
B. Macrophages
C. Mast cells
D. Eosinophils
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Macrophages dominate chronic inflammatory responses.
9. Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by:
A. IgG
B. IgM
C. IgE
D. IgA
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation causes immediate allergic reactions.
10. Autoimmune diseases primarily result from:
A. Weak immune response
B. Loss of self-tolerance
C. Viral invasion
D. Antibody deficiency
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Failure to recognize self-antigens leads to autoimmune disease.
GENETICS & CANCER
11. A mutation resulting in a truncated protein is known as:
A. Missense
B. Silent
C. Nonsense
D. Frameshift
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Nonsense mutations introduce premature stop codons.
2025/2026 Guide| Questions & Answers|
Grade A| 100% Correct (Verified Solutions)-
Chamberlain
1. Which cellular adaptation occurs when cells increase in size due to increased workload?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Hypertrophy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, commonly seen in cardiac and skeletal
muscle under increased workload.
2. Which condition is caused by irreversible cell injury?
A. Fatty change
B. Cell swelling
C. Apoptosis
D. Necrosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death resulting from irreversible injury.
3. Apoptosis differs from necrosis because apoptosis:
A. Causes inflammation
B. Results from ischemia
C. Is programmed cell death
D. Causes membrane rupture
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is genetically programmed and does not trigger inflammation.
4. What is the primary cause of hypoxic cell injury?
A. Free radical production
,B. Decreased ATP production
C. Increased protein synthesis
D. Elevated calcium levels
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoxia reduces ATP production, disrupting sodium-potassium pumps and cell
integrity.
5. Which electrolyte is most responsible for cell injury when excessively intracellular?
A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Calcium
D. Chloride
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Elevated intracellular calcium activates destructive enzymes leading to cell death.
INFLAMMATION & IMMUNE RESPONSE
6. Acute inflammation is primarily characterized by the presence of:
A. Macrophages
B. Plasma cells
C. Neutrophils
D. Lymphocytes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first responders in acute inflammation.
7. Which chemical mediator increases vascular permeability?
A. Histamine
B. Insulin
C. Serotonin
D. Acetylcholine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Histamine causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
, 8. Chronic inflammation is most associated with:
A. Neutrophils
B. Macrophages
C. Mast cells
D. Eosinophils
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Macrophages dominate chronic inflammatory responses.
9. Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by:
A. IgG
B. IgM
C. IgE
D. IgA
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation causes immediate allergic reactions.
10. Autoimmune diseases primarily result from:
A. Weak immune response
B. Loss of self-tolerance
C. Viral invasion
D. Antibody deficiency
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Failure to recognize self-antigens leads to autoimmune disease.
GENETICS & CANCER
11. A mutation resulting in a truncated protein is known as:
A. Missense
B. Silent
C. Nonsense
D. Frameshift
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Nonsense mutations introduce premature stop codons.
