PSYC 365 FINAL VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
Ideal learning task - Answers - - simple to create, easy to administer
- most people can complete it
- fast to see the outcome of learning
- the outcome of learning can be measured quantitatively
- can be readily modified to study different memory-related phenomena
paired associates learning task - Answers - 1) a list of pairs is shown, one pair at a time.
the first member of the park is a=called the stimulus, and the second member is the
response
2) after one study trial, the stimulus is shown, one at a time, and the subject tries to
name the correct response term for that stimulus
3) dependent measure: number of trials to acheive correct responding for all terms
Interference - Answers - - proactive interference: previous list interferes with learning
new fish
- retroactive interference: new list interferes with old list learning
Generation effect - Answers - - participants came up with their own B terms for given A
terms, then studied an A-C list
- participants had no trouble remembering their own B terms, meaning that the A-C list
didn't interfere with the A-B list
- because the B list they generated himself
Mnemonic Device - Answers - - Mnemonic means to help memory
- the MD is an active learning strategy that will help to improve memory of the to-be-
remembered materials
- include:
1) level of processing
2) encoding specificity
3) self-referencing
4) imagery
5) narratives
6) organization
Imagery - Answers - - two experiments done, one with just learning the words and trying
to remember them
- started with 73% and then finished with 96%
- experiment two was basically same thing, new list of paired associates, but this time
an image was presented at the same time when the words were presented that contains
the meaning of both words (ex: eagle-piano, with image of eagle carrying a piano
through the air)
- for trial two 88% remembered at trial one, by trial three it was 99%
,- Delayed cued-recall test: three days later they were tested on both word only and word
with image conditions, words only was 64% accurate, and 78% accurate
- so speeds up recoding (reached 94% retention in half the time), and increases
retention (could remember much more during delayed recall)
Imagery: Active Imagination - Answers - - participants learned half the list using rote
repition, and then the other half by picturing a visual image of stimulus and response
term together
- they then recalled the list immediately after study, and could remember 80% of
imagery and only 40% of rote recall
Self-referencing - Answers - - participants listened to a list of nouns for objects
- all participants were encouraged to visualize the objects they heard and then
described the mental images that they created for the objects. Half the aprticipants were
asked to imagine themselves suing the objects and the other half were not asked to do
so and yet a number of them did
- people who visualized themselves using the objects recalled 75% of the objects on the
list, when people who just visualized the objects remembered only 23%
- recall was more than 3x higher for the self-referencing condition than for the
visualizing only condition.
Imagery and Chunking - Answers - - group A sees doll on a chair holding a flag, and
group be sees a doll, flag and chair
- Group A was faster and more accurate than group B to recall flag and chair what the
dolls as presented as a cue
Imagery conclusions - Answers - - mental images will facility recall only if they tend to
unify the items to be associated into a coherent whole.
- three unified items are revered as a chunk
- when part of the chunk is presented, the entire chunk is remembered
- mental organization is the key factor for strong memory
Narrative - Answers - - three groups:
1) a narrative with a structured plot
2) a list of unrelated events
3) A list of unrelated words
- immediately after, the first two groups recalled a list of targeted words from the
narrative or list of events, and the third group tries to recall the words
- structured condition had highest recall accuracy, and the other two conditions had
about the same recall accuracy
- no primacy or recency effects effects
- in no context condition, the rember is curved like for any free recall test, and the line
for loose-context is between that and the structured recall task.
- so the narrative is serving as an effective retrieval cue
, organization - Answers - - organization is the structuring and restucturing og info as it is
being stored in memory
- well organized material material can be stored and retrieved with impressive levels of
accuracy
- we are active participants in learning situations, intention ally seeking ways to make
info more memorable like the self referencing ex, ppl did it without being asked to
organization experiement:
- one group studied words under several headings, and the control group studied the
words in the same physical arrangements but the words were randomly assigned to
their positions
- all participants got four trials to learn the words
- avg percentage f words recalled over the four trials was recorded, the organized group
remembered 65% in the first trial, and by the third trial had 100% remembered
- the control group started with 18% remembered and made it to 63% in the final trial
take home message for memory strategies - Answers - - good memory involves some
sort of organization
- things randomly out together are hard to remember, but if they are chunked or
organized it is much easier to remember
- organization = chunking
Proposition - Answers - - a set of semantic nodes connected by labelled pathways,
where the entire collection of concepts and relationships express the meaning of a
sentence or coherent phrase
- relationships can be expressed by abstract symbols such as nodes and pathways in a
network
- semantic nodes are just abstract symbols
- the propositional approach to imagery suggests that mental images are stored in an
abstract language-like form that does not physically resemble the original stimulus
what is mental imagery? - Answers - - our ability to mentally recreate a perceptual
experience in the absence of a sensory stimulus.
the picture "you see in your mind's eye"
- imagery is possible for all our sensory modalities, it can be auditory, vidual, tactile,
olfactory
- can also create mental images of things you've never seen or experienced
Dual-Coding Theory - Answers - - Allan Pavio
- proposed that human knowledge is represented by two separate systems, a verbal
and non verbal system.
- verbal system consists of abstract codes or system of arbitrary symbol systems taht
don't resemble their real-world referent
- an example of this is the word DOG is a symbolic representation for a dog, but does
not look anything like a dog.
- a non-verbal system is is based on sensorimotor info and is modality-specific.
Ideal learning task - Answers - - simple to create, easy to administer
- most people can complete it
- fast to see the outcome of learning
- the outcome of learning can be measured quantitatively
- can be readily modified to study different memory-related phenomena
paired associates learning task - Answers - 1) a list of pairs is shown, one pair at a time.
the first member of the park is a=called the stimulus, and the second member is the
response
2) after one study trial, the stimulus is shown, one at a time, and the subject tries to
name the correct response term for that stimulus
3) dependent measure: number of trials to acheive correct responding for all terms
Interference - Answers - - proactive interference: previous list interferes with learning
new fish
- retroactive interference: new list interferes with old list learning
Generation effect - Answers - - participants came up with their own B terms for given A
terms, then studied an A-C list
- participants had no trouble remembering their own B terms, meaning that the A-C list
didn't interfere with the A-B list
- because the B list they generated himself
Mnemonic Device - Answers - - Mnemonic means to help memory
- the MD is an active learning strategy that will help to improve memory of the to-be-
remembered materials
- include:
1) level of processing
2) encoding specificity
3) self-referencing
4) imagery
5) narratives
6) organization
Imagery - Answers - - two experiments done, one with just learning the words and trying
to remember them
- started with 73% and then finished with 96%
- experiment two was basically same thing, new list of paired associates, but this time
an image was presented at the same time when the words were presented that contains
the meaning of both words (ex: eagle-piano, with image of eagle carrying a piano
through the air)
- for trial two 88% remembered at trial one, by trial three it was 99%
,- Delayed cued-recall test: three days later they were tested on both word only and word
with image conditions, words only was 64% accurate, and 78% accurate
- so speeds up recoding (reached 94% retention in half the time), and increases
retention (could remember much more during delayed recall)
Imagery: Active Imagination - Answers - - participants learned half the list using rote
repition, and then the other half by picturing a visual image of stimulus and response
term together
- they then recalled the list immediately after study, and could remember 80% of
imagery and only 40% of rote recall
Self-referencing - Answers - - participants listened to a list of nouns for objects
- all participants were encouraged to visualize the objects they heard and then
described the mental images that they created for the objects. Half the aprticipants were
asked to imagine themselves suing the objects and the other half were not asked to do
so and yet a number of them did
- people who visualized themselves using the objects recalled 75% of the objects on the
list, when people who just visualized the objects remembered only 23%
- recall was more than 3x higher for the self-referencing condition than for the
visualizing only condition.
Imagery and Chunking - Answers - - group A sees doll on a chair holding a flag, and
group be sees a doll, flag and chair
- Group A was faster and more accurate than group B to recall flag and chair what the
dolls as presented as a cue
Imagery conclusions - Answers - - mental images will facility recall only if they tend to
unify the items to be associated into a coherent whole.
- three unified items are revered as a chunk
- when part of the chunk is presented, the entire chunk is remembered
- mental organization is the key factor for strong memory
Narrative - Answers - - three groups:
1) a narrative with a structured plot
2) a list of unrelated events
3) A list of unrelated words
- immediately after, the first two groups recalled a list of targeted words from the
narrative or list of events, and the third group tries to recall the words
- structured condition had highest recall accuracy, and the other two conditions had
about the same recall accuracy
- no primacy or recency effects effects
- in no context condition, the rember is curved like for any free recall test, and the line
for loose-context is between that and the structured recall task.
- so the narrative is serving as an effective retrieval cue
, organization - Answers - - organization is the structuring and restucturing og info as it is
being stored in memory
- well organized material material can be stored and retrieved with impressive levels of
accuracy
- we are active participants in learning situations, intention ally seeking ways to make
info more memorable like the self referencing ex, ppl did it without being asked to
organization experiement:
- one group studied words under several headings, and the control group studied the
words in the same physical arrangements but the words were randomly assigned to
their positions
- all participants got four trials to learn the words
- avg percentage f words recalled over the four trials was recorded, the organized group
remembered 65% in the first trial, and by the third trial had 100% remembered
- the control group started with 18% remembered and made it to 63% in the final trial
take home message for memory strategies - Answers - - good memory involves some
sort of organization
- things randomly out together are hard to remember, but if they are chunked or
organized it is much easier to remember
- organization = chunking
Proposition - Answers - - a set of semantic nodes connected by labelled pathways,
where the entire collection of concepts and relationships express the meaning of a
sentence or coherent phrase
- relationships can be expressed by abstract symbols such as nodes and pathways in a
network
- semantic nodes are just abstract symbols
- the propositional approach to imagery suggests that mental images are stored in an
abstract language-like form that does not physically resemble the original stimulus
what is mental imagery? - Answers - - our ability to mentally recreate a perceptual
experience in the absence of a sensory stimulus.
the picture "you see in your mind's eye"
- imagery is possible for all our sensory modalities, it can be auditory, vidual, tactile,
olfactory
- can also create mental images of things you've never seen or experienced
Dual-Coding Theory - Answers - - Allan Pavio
- proposed that human knowledge is represented by two separate systems, a verbal
and non verbal system.
- verbal system consists of abstract codes or system of arbitrary symbol systems taht
don't resemble their real-world referent
- an example of this is the word DOG is a symbolic representation for a dog, but does
not look anything like a dog.
- a non-verbal system is is based on sensorimotor info and is modality-specific.
