NU 636 QUIZ 3 PROFESSIONAL EXAMPREP
2026 TESTED QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
FULL REVIEW GRADED A+
◉ blood flow. Answer: SVC/IVC > RA > Tricuspid > RV > pulmonic
valve > pulmonary arteries > lungs > pulmonary veins > LA > mitral
> LV > aortic valve > aorta > body
◉ pulmonary arteries. Answer: only adult arteries carrying
deoxygenated blood
◉ pulmonary veins. Answer: only adult veins carrying oxygenated
blood
◉ what ventricle is thicker and why?. Answer: left ventricle is
thicker because it pumps blood to the entire body
◉ capillaries. Answer: gas exchange + nutrient delivery + waste
removal
◉ cardiac output. Answer: HR x SV
- normal: ~5-6 L/min
,◉ what does stroke volume depend on?. Answer: preload, afterload,
contractility
◉ preload. Answer: ventricular stretch at end-diastole
- estimated by PCW pressure
◉ afterload. Answer: resistance heart must overcome to eject blood
- related to BP and vessel diameter
- HTN increases afterload
◉ contractility. Answer: force of contraction
- increases with sympathetic/positive inotropes
- decreases with hypoxia/negative inotropes
◉ coronary artery disease (CAD). Answer: atherogenesis +
atherosclerosis = ischemia, angina, and acute coronary syndrome
(ACS)
- atherosclerosis narrows/occludes arteries
- plaque begins in childhood and progresses
- reduced perfusion > angina when O2 demand exceeds supply
◉ STEMI vs NSTEMI. Answer: * STEMI - due to complete arterial
occlusion; ST elevation
, * NSTEMI - artery NOT completely blocked or have collateral vessels;
elevated cardiac markers; no ST elevation
◉ CAD manifestations. Answer: - diaphoresis
- dizziness, weakness, lightheadedness
- N/V
- SOB
** female MI may present without chest pain
** diabetes and adults >85 may have atypical or no pain
◉ CAD risk-factor labs. Answer: - increased triglycerides
- increased homocysteine
- CRP (indicates inflammation)
◉ MI biomarkers. Answer: - troponin I/T: detectable within ~4 hr
(peaks 24-48 hr and remains elevated for days)
- CK-MB: detectable within ~4 hr (peaks 24 hr and normal 48-72 hr)
- myoglobin: detectable within 1 hr (peaks 4-12 hr; normal quickly)
** reinfarction markers: CK and myoglobin
◉ what suggests occlusion and ischemia on an ECG?. Answer: - ST
elevation in 2 leads suggests occlusion
2026 TESTED QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
FULL REVIEW GRADED A+
◉ blood flow. Answer: SVC/IVC > RA > Tricuspid > RV > pulmonic
valve > pulmonary arteries > lungs > pulmonary veins > LA > mitral
> LV > aortic valve > aorta > body
◉ pulmonary arteries. Answer: only adult arteries carrying
deoxygenated blood
◉ pulmonary veins. Answer: only adult veins carrying oxygenated
blood
◉ what ventricle is thicker and why?. Answer: left ventricle is
thicker because it pumps blood to the entire body
◉ capillaries. Answer: gas exchange + nutrient delivery + waste
removal
◉ cardiac output. Answer: HR x SV
- normal: ~5-6 L/min
,◉ what does stroke volume depend on?. Answer: preload, afterload,
contractility
◉ preload. Answer: ventricular stretch at end-diastole
- estimated by PCW pressure
◉ afterload. Answer: resistance heart must overcome to eject blood
- related to BP and vessel diameter
- HTN increases afterload
◉ contractility. Answer: force of contraction
- increases with sympathetic/positive inotropes
- decreases with hypoxia/negative inotropes
◉ coronary artery disease (CAD). Answer: atherogenesis +
atherosclerosis = ischemia, angina, and acute coronary syndrome
(ACS)
- atherosclerosis narrows/occludes arteries
- plaque begins in childhood and progresses
- reduced perfusion > angina when O2 demand exceeds supply
◉ STEMI vs NSTEMI. Answer: * STEMI - due to complete arterial
occlusion; ST elevation
, * NSTEMI - artery NOT completely blocked or have collateral vessels;
elevated cardiac markers; no ST elevation
◉ CAD manifestations. Answer: - diaphoresis
- dizziness, weakness, lightheadedness
- N/V
- SOB
** female MI may present without chest pain
** diabetes and adults >85 may have atypical or no pain
◉ CAD risk-factor labs. Answer: - increased triglycerides
- increased homocysteine
- CRP (indicates inflammation)
◉ MI biomarkers. Answer: - troponin I/T: detectable within ~4 hr
(peaks 24-48 hr and remains elevated for days)
- CK-MB: detectable within ~4 hr (peaks 24 hr and normal 48-72 hr)
- myoglobin: detectable within 1 hr (peaks 4-12 hr; normal quickly)
** reinfarction markers: CK and myoglobin
◉ what suggests occlusion and ischemia on an ECG?. Answer: - ST
elevation in 2 leads suggests occlusion
