PNB 2265 EXAM 4 – UCONN | VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
Kidney vascularization - Answers - Vascular, highly perfused organ
Kidney function - Answers - FILTRATION, ABSORPTION, SECRETION
-Metabolic wastes are removed: "clean blood" returns to circulation (specifically
nitrogenous wastes: end products of amino acid metabolism)
-Humans: take form of urea
-Handle many different substances
Renal functions - Answers - -Excretes metabolic end products: Drugs, organic
molecules, xenobiotics
-Regulates ion balances: Na+, K+, H+, Ca2+, Cl, HCO3-, PO4, H2O
-Regulates osmolarity & pH
-Endocrine organ
-Long term regulation of BP: Plasma volume is changed
Gross anatomy of renal system - Answers - -Kidney
-Ureter
-Urinary bladder
-Urethra
Gross anatomy of kidney - Answers - -Cortex
-Medulla
-Calyces
-Nephron
Cortex of kidney - Answers - -Outer area
-Inner juxtamedullary region
Medulla of kidney - Answers - -Inner area
-Renal pyramids
Calyces of kidney - Answers - -Minor: papillae extend
-Major: converge with minor to form renal pelvis
Nephron - Answers - -Functional unit of the kidney
-Juxtamedullary
-Cortical
-Create and maintain osmotic gradient between interstitial fluid & urine
Nephron components - Answers - -Renal corpuscle: bowman's capsule + glomerulus
-Proximal convoluted tubule (PT)
,-Loop of Henle
-Distal Convoluted Tubule (DT)
-Collecting duct (CD)
2 types of nephrons - Answers - -Cortical nephrons
-Juxtamedullary nephrons
Cortical nephrons - Answers - -Cortex
-Most renal processes
Juxtamedullary nephrons - Answers - -Loops of henley extend deep into the medulla
-Urine concentration
Filtration - Answers - -Non-selective movement of fluid & solutes from glomerulus →
lumen
-Location: Bowman's capsule
Absorption - Answers - -Semi-selective movement of water & solutes from lumen →
blood vessels
-Transporters
-Location: PT in the loop of henle, DT,
Collecting duct
Blood vessels in the nephron - Answers - -Peritubular capillaries
-Vasa recta: juxtamedullary nephrons
Secretion - Answers - -Selective movement of water & solutes from peritubular
capillaries → lumen of nephron
-Active-transport
-Location: Proximal capsule, Distal capsule, Collecting duct
Filtration fraction - Answers - -20% of blood sent to kidney is sent to the nephron
-Vast majority is reabsorbed (1 day: kidney filters & reabsorbs entire volume of the
blood 50 or 60 times)
Why is there a high filtration volume in the kidney - Answers - -Allows for speed
-Non-selective for the most part
-Transporters for what is being selectively reabsorbed back into the blood
-Did not have this system: need a transporter for every single substance that could
enter the blood
Renal corpsucle - Answers - -Highly vascularized
-Glomerulus
-Bowman's capsule
Glomerulus - Answers - -Capillaries: Fenestrated endothelial cells (few tight junctions)
, -Afferent arteriole: blood in
-Efferent arteriole: blood out
-Podocytes: capillaries surrounded by an epithelial cell lining
(help regulate filtration)
Bowman's capsule - Answers - -Lumen space
-Connected to PCT
Type of transport in the kidney - Answers - -Bulk flow: governed by blood (hydrostatic)
pressure
-Paracellular
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) - Answers - Plasma volume filtered in a unit of time
(90-120 mL/min)
Profiltration forces - Answers - Hydrostatic pressure inside glomerulus (GBHP):
> pressure inside of capsule
> osmotic pressure created by solutes in blood
Antifiltration forces - Answers - -Hydrostatic pressure inside capsule(CHP)
-Colloid osmotic force (BCOP)
Pressure regulates GFR - Answers - -Arterial pressure
-Afferent arteriole resistance (majority)
-Efferent arteriole resistance
Afferent arteriole resistance - Answers - -Slightly larger radius than efferent at rest:
generates pressure for filtration
-Constrict: prevent blood from moving into glomerulus (decreases hydrostatic pressure
in glomerulus - decrease GFR)
-Dilate: bring more blood into glomerulus (increases hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus
- increase GFR)
Efferent arteriole resistance - Answers - -Constrict: increase amount of blood in
glomerulus (increases hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus - increase GFR)
-Dilate: easier to leave glomerulus (decreases hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus -
decrease GFR)
Filtration barrier - Answers - -Fenestrated epithelium
-Basement membrane (charged matrix proteins)
-Podocytes
Size exclusion of filtrate - Answers - Filtrate is RBC & Protein free
Filtration slits - Answers - Spaces between cells
Kidney vascularization - Answers - Vascular, highly perfused organ
Kidney function - Answers - FILTRATION, ABSORPTION, SECRETION
-Metabolic wastes are removed: "clean blood" returns to circulation (specifically
nitrogenous wastes: end products of amino acid metabolism)
-Humans: take form of urea
-Handle many different substances
Renal functions - Answers - -Excretes metabolic end products: Drugs, organic
molecules, xenobiotics
-Regulates ion balances: Na+, K+, H+, Ca2+, Cl, HCO3-, PO4, H2O
-Regulates osmolarity & pH
-Endocrine organ
-Long term regulation of BP: Plasma volume is changed
Gross anatomy of renal system - Answers - -Kidney
-Ureter
-Urinary bladder
-Urethra
Gross anatomy of kidney - Answers - -Cortex
-Medulla
-Calyces
-Nephron
Cortex of kidney - Answers - -Outer area
-Inner juxtamedullary region
Medulla of kidney - Answers - -Inner area
-Renal pyramids
Calyces of kidney - Answers - -Minor: papillae extend
-Major: converge with minor to form renal pelvis
Nephron - Answers - -Functional unit of the kidney
-Juxtamedullary
-Cortical
-Create and maintain osmotic gradient between interstitial fluid & urine
Nephron components - Answers - -Renal corpuscle: bowman's capsule + glomerulus
-Proximal convoluted tubule (PT)
,-Loop of Henle
-Distal Convoluted Tubule (DT)
-Collecting duct (CD)
2 types of nephrons - Answers - -Cortical nephrons
-Juxtamedullary nephrons
Cortical nephrons - Answers - -Cortex
-Most renal processes
Juxtamedullary nephrons - Answers - -Loops of henley extend deep into the medulla
-Urine concentration
Filtration - Answers - -Non-selective movement of fluid & solutes from glomerulus →
lumen
-Location: Bowman's capsule
Absorption - Answers - -Semi-selective movement of water & solutes from lumen →
blood vessels
-Transporters
-Location: PT in the loop of henle, DT,
Collecting duct
Blood vessels in the nephron - Answers - -Peritubular capillaries
-Vasa recta: juxtamedullary nephrons
Secretion - Answers - -Selective movement of water & solutes from peritubular
capillaries → lumen of nephron
-Active-transport
-Location: Proximal capsule, Distal capsule, Collecting duct
Filtration fraction - Answers - -20% of blood sent to kidney is sent to the nephron
-Vast majority is reabsorbed (1 day: kidney filters & reabsorbs entire volume of the
blood 50 or 60 times)
Why is there a high filtration volume in the kidney - Answers - -Allows for speed
-Non-selective for the most part
-Transporters for what is being selectively reabsorbed back into the blood
-Did not have this system: need a transporter for every single substance that could
enter the blood
Renal corpsucle - Answers - -Highly vascularized
-Glomerulus
-Bowman's capsule
Glomerulus - Answers - -Capillaries: Fenestrated endothelial cells (few tight junctions)
, -Afferent arteriole: blood in
-Efferent arteriole: blood out
-Podocytes: capillaries surrounded by an epithelial cell lining
(help regulate filtration)
Bowman's capsule - Answers - -Lumen space
-Connected to PCT
Type of transport in the kidney - Answers - -Bulk flow: governed by blood (hydrostatic)
pressure
-Paracellular
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) - Answers - Plasma volume filtered in a unit of time
(90-120 mL/min)
Profiltration forces - Answers - Hydrostatic pressure inside glomerulus (GBHP):
> pressure inside of capsule
> osmotic pressure created by solutes in blood
Antifiltration forces - Answers - -Hydrostatic pressure inside capsule(CHP)
-Colloid osmotic force (BCOP)
Pressure regulates GFR - Answers - -Arterial pressure
-Afferent arteriole resistance (majority)
-Efferent arteriole resistance
Afferent arteriole resistance - Answers - -Slightly larger radius than efferent at rest:
generates pressure for filtration
-Constrict: prevent blood from moving into glomerulus (decreases hydrostatic pressure
in glomerulus - decrease GFR)
-Dilate: bring more blood into glomerulus (increases hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus
- increase GFR)
Efferent arteriole resistance - Answers - -Constrict: increase amount of blood in
glomerulus (increases hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus - increase GFR)
-Dilate: easier to leave glomerulus (decreases hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus -
decrease GFR)
Filtration barrier - Answers - -Fenestrated epithelium
-Basement membrane (charged matrix proteins)
-Podocytes
Size exclusion of filtrate - Answers - Filtrate is RBC & Protein free
Filtration slits - Answers - Spaces between cells
