PNB 2265 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ACCURATE ANSWERS
Non-Specific (innate) Immune System Analogy - Answers - Bank wall to keep robbers
out
Specific (adaptive) Immune System Analogy - Answers - Surveillance camera to identify
specific bank robber
Role of Immune Responses - Answers - Defend/protect against infection by microbes,
immune surveillance, elimination of damaged cells
Negative Aspect of Immune - Answers - Allergies/hypersensitivity, autoimmune
diseases, and organ transplant reactions
Microbes - Answers - Viruses, bacteria, fungi, other parasites (specific immune protects
against this)
Non-Specific Defenses - Answers - (Protect against foreign matter without having to
specifically recognize its identity) Physical barriers, phagocytes, immunological
surveillance, interferons, complement system, inflammatory response, fever
Physical Barriers - Answers - Prevent approach and deny access to pathogens
(epithelium, secretions, duct of sweat gland, hair, skin and mucous membranes, variety
of protective chemicals, ciliated mucosa, acidity of the skin, gastric HCl, enzymes,
lysozyme of saliva
Phagocytes - Answers - Remove debris and pathogens (fixed macrophage, neutrophil,
free macrophage, eosinophil, monocyte)
Immunological Surveillance - Answers - Destroys abnormal cells, for example NK cells
attach to abnormal cells and lyse them
Interferons - Answers - Increase resistance of cells to viral infection (slow/INTERFERE
with the spread of a disease),
-interferons are released by activated lymphocytes, macrophages, or virus-infected cells
Complement System - Answers - (Series of enzymes( Attacks and breaks down cell
walls, attracts phagocytes
-For ex, a bunch of complement attaches to the cell wall of a pathogen and then lyses it
Inflammatory Response - Answers - Multiple effects
-Blood flow increased
-Phagocytes activated
,-Increased capillary permeability
-Complement activated
-Clotting reaction walls of the region
-Regional temperature increased
-Specific defenses activated
Chemical Alarms Released into ECF that Medicate Inflammation - Answers -
Histamines, Kinins, Prostaglandins, Complement, Other Cytokines
Histamines - Answers - Released by mast cells, promote vasodilation and increased
capillary permeability
Kinins - Answers - (Ex. Bradykinin) Cleaved from kininogin protein, similar effects to
histamine but also induces CHEMOTAXIS OF LEUKS and stimulate neutrophils to
RELEASE ENZYME that then generate more kinins, INDUCE PAIN
Prostaglandins - Answers - Make BV more sensitized to effects of the other
inflammatory mediators and INDUCE PAIN
Complement - Answers - Protein that lyses microorganisms, enhances phagocytosis by
opsonization, intensifies inflammatory response
Other Cytokines - Answers - Mediators/signals for inflammation, play roles in specific
defense mechanisms
Opsonins - Answers - Proteins that attract phagocytosis
Fever - Answers - Mobilizes defenses, accelerates repairs, inhibits pathogens (body
temp rises above 37.2 in response to pathogens), increases metabolic rate of cells
Lymphatic System Consists of - Answers - Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues,
lymphoid organs
Lymph - Answers - A colorless fluid containing white blood cells, that bathes the tissues
and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream
Lymphatic Vessels - Answers - Carry lymph, capillaries are blind-ended located at
vascular capillary beds, can be afferent and efferent
Primary Lymphoid Organs - Answers - Thymus and bone marrow ("lymphoid tissue")
Thymus - Answers - Primary lymphoid organ where T lymphocytes mature
Bone Marrow - Answers - Primary lymphoid organ that produces all lymphocytes, where
the B cells amture
, Functions of the Lymphatic System - Answers - Body fluid homeostasis and immune
system
Lymph Nodes - Answers - Capsule of fibrous tissue, partitions (differentiated from
nodules), where 99% of antigens are removed and processed (FILTERS), contain
macrophages
Dendritic Cells - Answers - Found in certain tissues, if activated migrate to lymph nodes
to present antigen
Lymphatic Nodules - Answers - Lymphocytes densely packed in loose CT, found in CT
under the epithelium of respiratory, digestive, and urinatry tracts NO FIBROUS
CAPSULE
Examples of Lymphatic Nodules - Answers - Tonsils, Peyer's patches
Nodes vs. Nodules - Answers - Nodule is not a filter and located in specific places and
not always attached to lymphatic channels
Nodule is a tiny chunk of immune cells and does not have vessels like nodes do not a
filter
Spleen - Answers - Lymphoid tissue, FILTER (removes RBC) stores Fe and may initiate
immune response
GALT/MALT - Answers - Gut/mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (peyer's patches in SI
and nodules in appendix)
Leukocytes - Answers - WBCs, NLMEB
Neutrophils - Answers - Inflammation, phagocytosis
Basophils - Answers - Produce histamine, heparin
Eosinophils - Answers - Worms
Monocytes - Answers - Become macropages
Lymphocytes - Answers - Specific immune responses (except NK)
Lymphocyte Types - Answers - B cells, T cells and NK cells
B Cells - Answers - Specific immune antibody mediated
T Cells - Answers - Specific immune cell mediated
ACCURATE ANSWERS
Non-Specific (innate) Immune System Analogy - Answers - Bank wall to keep robbers
out
Specific (adaptive) Immune System Analogy - Answers - Surveillance camera to identify
specific bank robber
Role of Immune Responses - Answers - Defend/protect against infection by microbes,
immune surveillance, elimination of damaged cells
Negative Aspect of Immune - Answers - Allergies/hypersensitivity, autoimmune
diseases, and organ transplant reactions
Microbes - Answers - Viruses, bacteria, fungi, other parasites (specific immune protects
against this)
Non-Specific Defenses - Answers - (Protect against foreign matter without having to
specifically recognize its identity) Physical barriers, phagocytes, immunological
surveillance, interferons, complement system, inflammatory response, fever
Physical Barriers - Answers - Prevent approach and deny access to pathogens
(epithelium, secretions, duct of sweat gland, hair, skin and mucous membranes, variety
of protective chemicals, ciliated mucosa, acidity of the skin, gastric HCl, enzymes,
lysozyme of saliva
Phagocytes - Answers - Remove debris and pathogens (fixed macrophage, neutrophil,
free macrophage, eosinophil, monocyte)
Immunological Surveillance - Answers - Destroys abnormal cells, for example NK cells
attach to abnormal cells and lyse them
Interferons - Answers - Increase resistance of cells to viral infection (slow/INTERFERE
with the spread of a disease),
-interferons are released by activated lymphocytes, macrophages, or virus-infected cells
Complement System - Answers - (Series of enzymes( Attacks and breaks down cell
walls, attracts phagocytes
-For ex, a bunch of complement attaches to the cell wall of a pathogen and then lyses it
Inflammatory Response - Answers - Multiple effects
-Blood flow increased
-Phagocytes activated
,-Increased capillary permeability
-Complement activated
-Clotting reaction walls of the region
-Regional temperature increased
-Specific defenses activated
Chemical Alarms Released into ECF that Medicate Inflammation - Answers -
Histamines, Kinins, Prostaglandins, Complement, Other Cytokines
Histamines - Answers - Released by mast cells, promote vasodilation and increased
capillary permeability
Kinins - Answers - (Ex. Bradykinin) Cleaved from kininogin protein, similar effects to
histamine but also induces CHEMOTAXIS OF LEUKS and stimulate neutrophils to
RELEASE ENZYME that then generate more kinins, INDUCE PAIN
Prostaglandins - Answers - Make BV more sensitized to effects of the other
inflammatory mediators and INDUCE PAIN
Complement - Answers - Protein that lyses microorganisms, enhances phagocytosis by
opsonization, intensifies inflammatory response
Other Cytokines - Answers - Mediators/signals for inflammation, play roles in specific
defense mechanisms
Opsonins - Answers - Proteins that attract phagocytosis
Fever - Answers - Mobilizes defenses, accelerates repairs, inhibits pathogens (body
temp rises above 37.2 in response to pathogens), increases metabolic rate of cells
Lymphatic System Consists of - Answers - Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues,
lymphoid organs
Lymph - Answers - A colorless fluid containing white blood cells, that bathes the tissues
and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream
Lymphatic Vessels - Answers - Carry lymph, capillaries are blind-ended located at
vascular capillary beds, can be afferent and efferent
Primary Lymphoid Organs - Answers - Thymus and bone marrow ("lymphoid tissue")
Thymus - Answers - Primary lymphoid organ where T lymphocytes mature
Bone Marrow - Answers - Primary lymphoid organ that produces all lymphocytes, where
the B cells amture
, Functions of the Lymphatic System - Answers - Body fluid homeostasis and immune
system
Lymph Nodes - Answers - Capsule of fibrous tissue, partitions (differentiated from
nodules), where 99% of antigens are removed and processed (FILTERS), contain
macrophages
Dendritic Cells - Answers - Found in certain tissues, if activated migrate to lymph nodes
to present antigen
Lymphatic Nodules - Answers - Lymphocytes densely packed in loose CT, found in CT
under the epithelium of respiratory, digestive, and urinatry tracts NO FIBROUS
CAPSULE
Examples of Lymphatic Nodules - Answers - Tonsils, Peyer's patches
Nodes vs. Nodules - Answers - Nodule is not a filter and located in specific places and
not always attached to lymphatic channels
Nodule is a tiny chunk of immune cells and does not have vessels like nodes do not a
filter
Spleen - Answers - Lymphoid tissue, FILTER (removes RBC) stores Fe and may initiate
immune response
GALT/MALT - Answers - Gut/mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (peyer's patches in SI
and nodules in appendix)
Leukocytes - Answers - WBCs, NLMEB
Neutrophils - Answers - Inflammation, phagocytosis
Basophils - Answers - Produce histamine, heparin
Eosinophils - Answers - Worms
Monocytes - Answers - Become macropages
Lymphocytes - Answers - Specific immune responses (except NK)
Lymphocyte Types - Answers - B cells, T cells and NK cells
B Cells - Answers - Specific immune antibody mediated
T Cells - Answers - Specific immune cell mediated
