NU606 EXAMINATION 2026 VERIFIED
SOLUTION COMPENDIUM
◉What type of imbalance can hyperventilation lead to and how?.
Answer: Hyperventilation leads to respiratory alkalosis. Pt is
breathing off CO2, the body tries to compensate and the kidneys
conserve H+ ions and eliminate HCO3 in alkaline urine; carbon
dioxide deficit. Alkalosis increases binding of extracellular calcium
to albumin, reducing ionized calcium levels. As a result,
neuromuscular excitability increases, and manifestations similar to
hypocalcemia develop. Low carbon dioxide levels in the blood cause
vasoconstriction of cerebral vessels, increasing the neurologic
manifestations of the disorder. The kidneys compensate by
eliminating bicarbonate to restore the ratio of bicarbonate to
carbonic acid. The bicarbonate level is lower than normal in chronic
respiratory alkalosis, and the pH may be close to the normal range.
◉What is parathyroid hormone? What happens when it increases?
Decreases?. Answer: When calcium levels in your blood fall too low,
your parathyroid glands secrete enough PTH to restore the balance.
PTH raises calcium levels by releasing calcium from your bones and
increasing the amount of calcium absorbed from your small
intestine.
, a. Increases: leads to hypercalcemia: decreased neuroexcitability,
apathy, fatigue, personality change, muscle weakness, decreased
tone, forceful cardiac contraction, arrhythmias, bradycardia,
hypertension, kidneys: polyuria, thirst, renal insufficiency, renal
calculi. Decreased peristalsis, constipation, nausea, osteoporosis,
fractures.
Decreases: hypocalcemia: increased neuroexcitability, tingling in
fingers and around mouth, hyperactive reflexes, muscle spasms,
tetany, weak cardiac muscle contraction, arrhythmias, hypotension,
increased peristalsis, diarrhea,
◉How does cocaine impact pregnancy. Answer: It can cause
hypertensive response, interrupts blood flow to placenta. Premature
birth, low birth weight, and respiratory issues for infant Premature
delivery typically associated with the placental abruption, Bad
nutrition and restricted growth, Long term changes in verbal
reasoning, Attention deficit disorder
◉What does dry gangrene look like and present like?. Answer: Skin
is hard, black or purplish, may be pale and either numb or painful.
Caused by coagulation necrosis that eventually shrinks and blackens
the site.
◉What are risk factors for cancer?. Answer: Genetic: oncogene that
regulate all growth, Viruses: oncogenic viruses alter host cell DNA,
Radiation: ultraviolet rays (sun, x-rays, gamma rays, and radioactive
chemicals cause cumulative chromosomal damage in cells,
SOLUTION COMPENDIUM
◉What type of imbalance can hyperventilation lead to and how?.
Answer: Hyperventilation leads to respiratory alkalosis. Pt is
breathing off CO2, the body tries to compensate and the kidneys
conserve H+ ions and eliminate HCO3 in alkaline urine; carbon
dioxide deficit. Alkalosis increases binding of extracellular calcium
to albumin, reducing ionized calcium levels. As a result,
neuromuscular excitability increases, and manifestations similar to
hypocalcemia develop. Low carbon dioxide levels in the blood cause
vasoconstriction of cerebral vessels, increasing the neurologic
manifestations of the disorder. The kidneys compensate by
eliminating bicarbonate to restore the ratio of bicarbonate to
carbonic acid. The bicarbonate level is lower than normal in chronic
respiratory alkalosis, and the pH may be close to the normal range.
◉What is parathyroid hormone? What happens when it increases?
Decreases?. Answer: When calcium levels in your blood fall too low,
your parathyroid glands secrete enough PTH to restore the balance.
PTH raises calcium levels by releasing calcium from your bones and
increasing the amount of calcium absorbed from your small
intestine.
, a. Increases: leads to hypercalcemia: decreased neuroexcitability,
apathy, fatigue, personality change, muscle weakness, decreased
tone, forceful cardiac contraction, arrhythmias, bradycardia,
hypertension, kidneys: polyuria, thirst, renal insufficiency, renal
calculi. Decreased peristalsis, constipation, nausea, osteoporosis,
fractures.
Decreases: hypocalcemia: increased neuroexcitability, tingling in
fingers and around mouth, hyperactive reflexes, muscle spasms,
tetany, weak cardiac muscle contraction, arrhythmias, hypotension,
increased peristalsis, diarrhea,
◉How does cocaine impact pregnancy. Answer: It can cause
hypertensive response, interrupts blood flow to placenta. Premature
birth, low birth weight, and respiratory issues for infant Premature
delivery typically associated with the placental abruption, Bad
nutrition and restricted growth, Long term changes in verbal
reasoning, Attention deficit disorder
◉What does dry gangrene look like and present like?. Answer: Skin
is hard, black or purplish, may be pale and either numb or painful.
Caused by coagulation necrosis that eventually shrinks and blackens
the site.
◉What are risk factors for cancer?. Answer: Genetic: oncogene that
regulate all growth, Viruses: oncogenic viruses alter host cell DNA,
Radiation: ultraviolet rays (sun, x-rays, gamma rays, and radioactive
chemicals cause cumulative chromosomal damage in cells,
