NRSG 2350 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Epicardium - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Outermost heart layer, protects and nourishes myocardium.
Pericardial Sac - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Epicardium and parietal layer of serous pericardium.
Myocardium - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Thick middle heart layer with cardiac muscle tissue.
Endocardium - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Thin endothelial layer lining heart muscle.
Cardiac Conducting Cells - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Cells coordinating heart contractions.
Cardiac Circulation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Heart's blood pumping to the body.
Cardiopulmonary Circulation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Heart and lungs working together for blood flow.
Systemic Circulation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Blood circulation throughout the body excluding lungs.
Systemic Pressure - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Higher pressure due to greater distance and resistance.
Arterial Flow - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Blood moving away from the heart.
Ventricular Systole - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Phase when blood pressure is highest in arteries.
Ventricular Diastole - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Phase when blood pressure is lowest in arteries.
Venous Return - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Blood flow back to the heart from tissues.
,Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅MAP = CO x SVR.
Cardiac Output (CO) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅CO = HR x SV.
Heart Rate - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Autonomic control, innervates SA node.
Sympathetic Nervous System - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Increases heart rate via beta-1 adrenergic
receptors.
Parasympathetic Nervous System - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Decreases heart rate via muscarinic
receptors.
Stroke Volume (SV) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Amount of blood ejected per heartbeat.
Normal Stroke Volume - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅60-100 mL per heartbeat.
End-Diastolic Volume (EDV) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Ventricle volume when filled with blood.
End-Systolic Volume (ESV) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Ventricle volume after contraction.
Starling's Law - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅More stretch equals stronger heart contraction.
Preload - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Volume/stretch on cardiac muscle before contraction.
Afterload - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Pressure ventricle must overcome to eject blood.
Baroreceptors - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Nerve endings sensitive to arterial blood pressure.
Vascular Endothelium - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Single cell layer lining blood vessels.
, Nitric Oxide - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Decreases blood pressure through vasodilation.
Endothelin - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Increases blood pressure through vasoconstriction.
Renal System - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Controls blood pressure via sodium and fluid balance.
Naturetic Peptide - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Decreases blood pressure by excreting sodium and water.
Angiotensin II - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Causes arteriolar constriction and increases blood pressure.
Aldosterone - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Increases sodium retention, raising blood pressure.
Hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅High blood pressure, often asymptomatic.
Primary Hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅No single cause, more common hypertension type.
Secondary Hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Direct cause identified, less common hypertension
type.
End-Organ Damage - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Damage to organs due to prolonged high blood pressure.
End-organ damage - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Damage to organs due to chronic hypertension.
Cerebrovascular damage - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Includes stroke and retinopathy from hypertension.
Vasculopathy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysm due to hypertension.
Epicardium - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Outermost heart layer, protects and nourishes myocardium.
Pericardial Sac - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Epicardium and parietal layer of serous pericardium.
Myocardium - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Thick middle heart layer with cardiac muscle tissue.
Endocardium - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Thin endothelial layer lining heart muscle.
Cardiac Conducting Cells - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Cells coordinating heart contractions.
Cardiac Circulation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Heart's blood pumping to the body.
Cardiopulmonary Circulation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Heart and lungs working together for blood flow.
Systemic Circulation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Blood circulation throughout the body excluding lungs.
Systemic Pressure - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Higher pressure due to greater distance and resistance.
Arterial Flow - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Blood moving away from the heart.
Ventricular Systole - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Phase when blood pressure is highest in arteries.
Ventricular Diastole - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Phase when blood pressure is lowest in arteries.
Venous Return - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Blood flow back to the heart from tissues.
,Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅MAP = CO x SVR.
Cardiac Output (CO) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅CO = HR x SV.
Heart Rate - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Autonomic control, innervates SA node.
Sympathetic Nervous System - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Increases heart rate via beta-1 adrenergic
receptors.
Parasympathetic Nervous System - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Decreases heart rate via muscarinic
receptors.
Stroke Volume (SV) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Amount of blood ejected per heartbeat.
Normal Stroke Volume - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅60-100 mL per heartbeat.
End-Diastolic Volume (EDV) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Ventricle volume when filled with blood.
End-Systolic Volume (ESV) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Ventricle volume after contraction.
Starling's Law - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅More stretch equals stronger heart contraction.
Preload - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Volume/stretch on cardiac muscle before contraction.
Afterload - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Pressure ventricle must overcome to eject blood.
Baroreceptors - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Nerve endings sensitive to arterial blood pressure.
Vascular Endothelium - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Single cell layer lining blood vessels.
, Nitric Oxide - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Decreases blood pressure through vasodilation.
Endothelin - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Increases blood pressure through vasoconstriction.
Renal System - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Controls blood pressure via sodium and fluid balance.
Naturetic Peptide - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Decreases blood pressure by excreting sodium and water.
Angiotensin II - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Causes arteriolar constriction and increases blood pressure.
Aldosterone - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Increases sodium retention, raising blood pressure.
Hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅High blood pressure, often asymptomatic.
Primary Hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅No single cause, more common hypertension type.
Secondary Hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Direct cause identified, less common hypertension
type.
End-Organ Damage - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Damage to organs due to prolonged high blood pressure.
End-organ damage - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Damage to organs due to chronic hypertension.
Cerebrovascular damage - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Includes stroke and retinopathy from hypertension.
Vasculopathy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysm due to hypertension.
