Organic Chemistry 2 Final Exam Review
Questions And Answers 2026 Update!!!
reduces c=o to alcohols
H2 (excess), Pd-c
reduces alkenes to alkanes
2 H2, Pd-c reduced alkynes to alkanes
H2 (1 equiv), Pd-c ONLY reduces alkenes to alkanes
reduces everything except alkenes
reduces aldehydes to alcohols
reduces ketones to alcohols
reduces acid chlorides and esters to alcohols
1) LiAlH4 (LAH)
reduces carboxylic acids to alcohols
2) H2O
reduces amides to amines
reduced alkyl halides(RX) to alkanes(RH)
opens epoxides at less substituted carbon
(reduces epoxides to alcohols)
does not reduce alkenes to alkanes
ONLY reduced aldehydes and ketones to
NaBH4, CH3OH
alcohols
very selective
adds carbon-carbon double bond
Witting Reagents (Ph3P=CR2) selective to just aldehydes and ketones
converts c=o to c=c
H2O, H+ or -OH, delta -turns CN to carboxylic acids
adds CN as a nucleophile to a ketone or
NaCN, HCl aldehyde to give a CN and an alcohol
does Sn2 nucleophilic attack
, 1) R”2CuLi 2)H2O (organocupurates) does not react with ketones, aldehydes, or esters
reacts with acid chlorides to give a ketone
product
reacts with alpha-beta unsaturated ketones at
the beta carbon giving 1,4 addition
selective reducing agent
reduces acid chlorides and esters down to
1) DIBAL-H 2)H2O
aldehydes
no rxn with carboxylic acids
reacts with aldehydes and ketones as Nu,
creating an alcohol and adding carbons
reacts with acid chlorides and esters to give
1)R”MgBr 2)H2O (grinard)
alcohols (2 equivs will give tertiary alcohols)
react with alpha-beta unsaturated ketones at the
carbonyl carbon, giving 1,2 addition
-act as nucleophile with ketones and aldehydes,
affording an alcohol and adding carbons
-turns acid chlorides and esters to alcohols and
1)R”Li 2)H2O (organolithiums) adds a carbon chain ( 2 equivs would give a
tertiary alcohol)
reacts with alpha-beta unsaturated ketones at
the carbonyl carbon to give 1,2 addition
-selective for turning aldehydes into carboxylic
Ag2O, NH4OH (tollens reagent)
acids
-turns primary alcohols into carboxylic acids
-turns secondary alcohols into ketones
-turns aldehydes into carboxylic acids
CrO3, H2SO4, H2O (Jones) *know mech for secondary alcohol to ketone
*know mech for primary alcohol to carboxylic
acid (get to aldehyde then use chapter 18 to get
to a hydrate then react with chromate again to
get carboxylic acid)
Questions And Answers 2026 Update!!!
reduces c=o to alcohols
H2 (excess), Pd-c
reduces alkenes to alkanes
2 H2, Pd-c reduced alkynes to alkanes
H2 (1 equiv), Pd-c ONLY reduces alkenes to alkanes
reduces everything except alkenes
reduces aldehydes to alcohols
reduces ketones to alcohols
reduces acid chlorides and esters to alcohols
1) LiAlH4 (LAH)
reduces carboxylic acids to alcohols
2) H2O
reduces amides to amines
reduced alkyl halides(RX) to alkanes(RH)
opens epoxides at less substituted carbon
(reduces epoxides to alcohols)
does not reduce alkenes to alkanes
ONLY reduced aldehydes and ketones to
NaBH4, CH3OH
alcohols
very selective
adds carbon-carbon double bond
Witting Reagents (Ph3P=CR2) selective to just aldehydes and ketones
converts c=o to c=c
H2O, H+ or -OH, delta -turns CN to carboxylic acids
adds CN as a nucleophile to a ketone or
NaCN, HCl aldehyde to give a CN and an alcohol
does Sn2 nucleophilic attack
, 1) R”2CuLi 2)H2O (organocupurates) does not react with ketones, aldehydes, or esters
reacts with acid chlorides to give a ketone
product
reacts with alpha-beta unsaturated ketones at
the beta carbon giving 1,4 addition
selective reducing agent
reduces acid chlorides and esters down to
1) DIBAL-H 2)H2O
aldehydes
no rxn with carboxylic acids
reacts with aldehydes and ketones as Nu,
creating an alcohol and adding carbons
reacts with acid chlorides and esters to give
1)R”MgBr 2)H2O (grinard)
alcohols (2 equivs will give tertiary alcohols)
react with alpha-beta unsaturated ketones at the
carbonyl carbon, giving 1,2 addition
-act as nucleophile with ketones and aldehydes,
affording an alcohol and adding carbons
-turns acid chlorides and esters to alcohols and
1)R”Li 2)H2O (organolithiums) adds a carbon chain ( 2 equivs would give a
tertiary alcohol)
reacts with alpha-beta unsaturated ketones at
the carbonyl carbon to give 1,2 addition
-selective for turning aldehydes into carboxylic
Ag2O, NH4OH (tollens reagent)
acids
-turns primary alcohols into carboxylic acids
-turns secondary alcohols into ketones
-turns aldehydes into carboxylic acids
CrO3, H2SO4, H2O (Jones) *know mech for secondary alcohol to ketone
*know mech for primary alcohol to carboxylic
acid (get to aldehyde then use chapter 18 to get
to a hydrate then react with chromate again to
get carboxylic acid)
