Exam 2- Mason Questions And Answers
2026 Update!!!
Structure and Function of the Heart The heart is
a four-chambered muscular pump consisting of
the right atrium (RA), right ventricle (RV), left
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
atrium (LA), and left ventricle (LV). The LV has
the thickest wall due to pumping blood to the
entire body.
• Tricuspid valve: RA → RV
• Pulmonary valve: RV → pulmonary arteries →
Valves ensure one-way blood flow: lungs
• Mitral (bicuspid) valve: LA → LV
• Aortic valve: LV → aorta → body
Body → RA → RV → Lungs → LA → LV → Body
Blood Flow Pathway: The heart is supplied by coronary arteries, which
deliver oxygenated blood to the myocardium.
• Systole: ventricular contraction; produces
systolic blood pressure (SBP)
Cardiac Cycle
• Diastole: ventricular relaxation; produces
diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
1. SA node initiates impulse (pacemaker)
2. Impulse spreads across atria (atrial
contraction)
Electrical Conduction System 3. AV node delays signal
4. Bundle of His transmits impulse
5. Purkinje fibers distribute signal → ventricular
contraction
, • Sympathetic nervous system (SNS): increases
heart rate
Heart Rate Control • Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS, vagus
nerve): decreases heart rate • Influenced by
hormones (epinephrine), temperature, and
fitness level
2026 Update!!!
Structure and Function of the Heart The heart is
a four-chambered muscular pump consisting of
the right atrium (RA), right ventricle (RV), left
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
atrium (LA), and left ventricle (LV). The LV has
the thickest wall due to pumping blood to the
entire body.
• Tricuspid valve: RA → RV
• Pulmonary valve: RV → pulmonary arteries →
Valves ensure one-way blood flow: lungs
• Mitral (bicuspid) valve: LA → LV
• Aortic valve: LV → aorta → body
Body → RA → RV → Lungs → LA → LV → Body
Blood Flow Pathway: The heart is supplied by coronary arteries, which
deliver oxygenated blood to the myocardium.
• Systole: ventricular contraction; produces
systolic blood pressure (SBP)
Cardiac Cycle
• Diastole: ventricular relaxation; produces
diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
1. SA node initiates impulse (pacemaker)
2. Impulse spreads across atria (atrial
contraction)
Electrical Conduction System 3. AV node delays signal
4. Bundle of His transmits impulse
5. Purkinje fibers distribute signal → ventricular
contraction
, • Sympathetic nervous system (SNS): increases
heart rate
Heart Rate Control • Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS, vagus
nerve): decreases heart rate • Influenced by
hormones (epinephrine), temperature, and
fitness level
