PSYC 2000 EXAM 4: JENNIFER KNAPP | STUDY GUIDE
Prevalence - Answers - this is from the national Institute of Mental Health website:
research shows that mental illnesses are common in the United States, affecting tens of
millions of people each year; estimates suggest that only half of people with mental
illness receive treatment
How Mental Illness Was Understood & Treated In Medieval Times - Answers - for much
of history, the mentally ill have been treated very poorly - under supernatural view, main
focus was to drive out spirits; most common treatment was exorcism; trephining;
execution or imprisonment of people with psychological disorders; others were left to be
homeless beggars
How Mental Illness Was Understood & Treated From The Late 1400s To The Late
1600s - Answers - mentally ill were thought to have made pacts with the devil; often
burned as witches
18th Century - Asylums - Answers - first institutions created for housing people with
psychological disorders, but focus was ostracizing them from society rather than
treating their disorders; often these people were kept in windowless dungeons, beaten,
chained to their beds, and had little to no contact with caregivers
Pinel's Contribution To The Treatment Of People With Mental Illness - Answers - late
1700s; argued for more humane treatment of the mentally ill; suggested they be
unchained and talked to, and allowed outside; patients benefited from this more human
treatment, many able to leave hospital
Dix's Contribution To The Treatment Of People With Mental Illness - Answers - led
reform efforts for mental health care in the United States; investigated how those who
are mentally ill and poor were cared for; discovered an underfunded/unregulated system
that perpetuated abuse; began lobbying state legislatures/U.S. Congress for change;
her efforts led to creation of first mental asylums in U.S.
Antipsychotic Medications - Answers - started in 1954 and gained popularity in 60s;
proved helpful in controlling symptoms of some psychological disorders, such as
psychosis; side effects can be overwhelming; can be abused
Deinstitutionalized - Answers - 1963, Congress passed an act that provided federal
support/funding for community mental health centers; closing of large asylums, by
providing for people to stay in their communities and be treated locally
How Did The Deinstitutionalization Movement Affect people With Mental Illness
Becoming Homeless? - Answers - released supposed to go to newly created centers,
,but system not set up effectively - underfunded, staff not trained to handle severe
illnesses such as schizophrenia, high staff burnout, and no provision for other services
people needed - housing, food, and job training; often ended up homeless - statistics
show that 26% of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness
Involuntary Treatment - Answers - therapy is not individual's choice
voluntary Treatment - Answers - person chooses to attend therapy to obtain relief from
symptoms
Psychotherapy - Answers - various methods to help someone overcome personal
problems, or to attain personal growth
Biomedical Therapy - Answers - medication and/or medical procedures to treat
psychological disorders
Biomedical Therapy - Answers - medication and/or medical procedures to treat
psychological disorders
Psychotherapy Technique: Psychoanalysis; Three Common Approaches & Beliefs Of
These Therapists - Answers - they believe abnormal behaviors arise from unconscious
conflicts linked to childhood trauma;
therapy focuses on analyzing avoided thoughts, wishes, recurring life patterns, past
events, and the therapeutic relationship; gaining insight into unconscious material can
reveal the causes of symptoms, often leading to their resolution
Free Association - Answers - client says whatever thoughts come to mind, no matter
how meaningless or nonsensical they might seem
Interpretation - Answers - analysts use free associations to form hypotheses about the
client's issues and share them; they interpret dreams, emotions, and behaviors,
highlighting repressed ideas or wishes
Dream Analysis - Answers - interpret relation of dream to client's waking life and
dream's symbolics significance
Resistance - Answers - as clients become aware of unconscious, feared aspects of
themselves, they often resist by avoiding therapy or blocking painful memories, which
can hinder progress
Transference - Answers - clients project intense, unrealistic feeling and expectations
from their past onto therapist
Working Through - Answers - in the final stage, therapists help clients process issues,
address conflicts and resistance, and replace old, ineffective coping patterns with
healthier behaviors
,Psychotherapy: Play Therapy - Answers - often used with kids since they are not likely
to sit on a couch and recall their dreams or engage in traditional talk therapy; kids play
out their hopes, fantasies, and traumas while using dolls, stuffed animals, and sandbox
figurines
Non-Directive Play Therapy - Answers - kids are encouraged to work through problems
by playing freely while therapist observes
Directive Play Therapy - Answers - therapist provides more structure/guidance in play
session by suggesting topics, asking questions, and even playing with kid
Psychoanalysis: Behavior Therapy - Answers - therapy employs principles of learning to
help clients change undesirable behaviors; believe that dysfunctional behaviors, like
phobias are bedwetting, can be changed by teaching clients new, more constructive
behaviors
Psychoanalysis - Answers - therapists help their patients look into past to uncover
repressed feelings
Counterconditioning - Answers - a client learns a new response to a stimulus that has
previously elicited an undesirable behavior
Aversive Conditioning - Answers - uses an unpleasant stimulus to stop an undesirable
behavior; therapists apply this technique to eliminate addictive behaviors, such as
smoking, nail biting, and drinking
Exposure Therapy - Answers - therapist seeks to treat clients' fears/anxiety by
presenting them with object or situation that causes their problem, with idea that they
will eventually get used to it
Systematic Desensitization - Answers - a calm and pleasant state is gradually
associated with increasing levels of anxiety-including stimuli; if you can learn to relax
when you are facing environmental stimuli that make you nervous or fearful, you can
eventually eliminate your unwanted fear response
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy - Answers - using a simulation to help conquer fears;
has been used effectively to treat numerous anxiety disorders such as fear of public
speaking, claustrophobia, fear of flying, and PTSD
Token Economy - Answers - individuals are reinforced for desirable behaviors with
tokens, such as a poker chip, that can be exchanged for items or privileges
Psychotherapy: Cognitive Therapy - Answers - focuses on how thoughts lead to
distress; how you think determines how you feel/act
, How Cognitive Therapists Help People - Answers - help clients change dysfunctional
thoughts in order to relive distress; help client see how they misinterpret a situation
(cognitive distortion)
Psychotherapy: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy - Answers - cognitive-behavioral
therapists focus much more on present issues than on a patient's childhood or past, as
in other forms of psychotherapy; helps clients examine how thoughts affect their
behavior; similar to cognitive therapy and behavior therapy
Cognitive Therapy - Answers - attempts to make people aware of their
irrational/negative thoughts, replace with new, more positive ways of thinking
Behavior Therapies - Answers - teaches people how to practice/engage in more
positive/healthy approaches to daily situations
ABC Model - Answers - there is an action (sometimes called an activating event), belief
about events, and consequences of this belief
Overgeneralization - Answers - someone takes a small situation and makes it large
ex: instead of "this particular woman was not interested in me", "i am ugly, a loser, and
no one is ever going to be interested in me"
All Or Nothing Thinking - Answers - common for people with depression; reflects
extremes; everything is black or white
Jumping To Conclusions - Answers - assuming people are thinking or reacting to you,
even though there is no evidence
Psychotherapy: Humanistic Therapy; Focus & Goal - Answers - focus- helping people
achieve their potential
goal- help people become more self-aware/accepting of themselves
focus on conscious rather than unconscious thoughts; also emphasize client's present
and future, as opposed to exploring past
Non-Directive Therapy - Answers - therapist doe snot give advice or provide
interpretations; help to identify conflicts and understand feeling; importance of taking
control of own life to overcome life's challenges
Active Listening - Answers - therapist acknowledges, restates, and clarifies what client
expresses
Unconditional Positive Regard - Answers - not judging clients and simply accepting
them for who they are
Psychotropic Medications - Answers - used to treat psychological disorders
Prevalence - Answers - this is from the national Institute of Mental Health website:
research shows that mental illnesses are common in the United States, affecting tens of
millions of people each year; estimates suggest that only half of people with mental
illness receive treatment
How Mental Illness Was Understood & Treated In Medieval Times - Answers - for much
of history, the mentally ill have been treated very poorly - under supernatural view, main
focus was to drive out spirits; most common treatment was exorcism; trephining;
execution or imprisonment of people with psychological disorders; others were left to be
homeless beggars
How Mental Illness Was Understood & Treated From The Late 1400s To The Late
1600s - Answers - mentally ill were thought to have made pacts with the devil; often
burned as witches
18th Century - Asylums - Answers - first institutions created for housing people with
psychological disorders, but focus was ostracizing them from society rather than
treating their disorders; often these people were kept in windowless dungeons, beaten,
chained to their beds, and had little to no contact with caregivers
Pinel's Contribution To The Treatment Of People With Mental Illness - Answers - late
1700s; argued for more humane treatment of the mentally ill; suggested they be
unchained and talked to, and allowed outside; patients benefited from this more human
treatment, many able to leave hospital
Dix's Contribution To The Treatment Of People With Mental Illness - Answers - led
reform efforts for mental health care in the United States; investigated how those who
are mentally ill and poor were cared for; discovered an underfunded/unregulated system
that perpetuated abuse; began lobbying state legislatures/U.S. Congress for change;
her efforts led to creation of first mental asylums in U.S.
Antipsychotic Medications - Answers - started in 1954 and gained popularity in 60s;
proved helpful in controlling symptoms of some psychological disorders, such as
psychosis; side effects can be overwhelming; can be abused
Deinstitutionalized - Answers - 1963, Congress passed an act that provided federal
support/funding for community mental health centers; closing of large asylums, by
providing for people to stay in their communities and be treated locally
How Did The Deinstitutionalization Movement Affect people With Mental Illness
Becoming Homeless? - Answers - released supposed to go to newly created centers,
,but system not set up effectively - underfunded, staff not trained to handle severe
illnesses such as schizophrenia, high staff burnout, and no provision for other services
people needed - housing, food, and job training; often ended up homeless - statistics
show that 26% of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness
Involuntary Treatment - Answers - therapy is not individual's choice
voluntary Treatment - Answers - person chooses to attend therapy to obtain relief from
symptoms
Psychotherapy - Answers - various methods to help someone overcome personal
problems, or to attain personal growth
Biomedical Therapy - Answers - medication and/or medical procedures to treat
psychological disorders
Biomedical Therapy - Answers - medication and/or medical procedures to treat
psychological disorders
Psychotherapy Technique: Psychoanalysis; Three Common Approaches & Beliefs Of
These Therapists - Answers - they believe abnormal behaviors arise from unconscious
conflicts linked to childhood trauma;
therapy focuses on analyzing avoided thoughts, wishes, recurring life patterns, past
events, and the therapeutic relationship; gaining insight into unconscious material can
reveal the causes of symptoms, often leading to their resolution
Free Association - Answers - client says whatever thoughts come to mind, no matter
how meaningless or nonsensical they might seem
Interpretation - Answers - analysts use free associations to form hypotheses about the
client's issues and share them; they interpret dreams, emotions, and behaviors,
highlighting repressed ideas or wishes
Dream Analysis - Answers - interpret relation of dream to client's waking life and
dream's symbolics significance
Resistance - Answers - as clients become aware of unconscious, feared aspects of
themselves, they often resist by avoiding therapy or blocking painful memories, which
can hinder progress
Transference - Answers - clients project intense, unrealistic feeling and expectations
from their past onto therapist
Working Through - Answers - in the final stage, therapists help clients process issues,
address conflicts and resistance, and replace old, ineffective coping patterns with
healthier behaviors
,Psychotherapy: Play Therapy - Answers - often used with kids since they are not likely
to sit on a couch and recall their dreams or engage in traditional talk therapy; kids play
out their hopes, fantasies, and traumas while using dolls, stuffed animals, and sandbox
figurines
Non-Directive Play Therapy - Answers - kids are encouraged to work through problems
by playing freely while therapist observes
Directive Play Therapy - Answers - therapist provides more structure/guidance in play
session by suggesting topics, asking questions, and even playing with kid
Psychoanalysis: Behavior Therapy - Answers - therapy employs principles of learning to
help clients change undesirable behaviors; believe that dysfunctional behaviors, like
phobias are bedwetting, can be changed by teaching clients new, more constructive
behaviors
Psychoanalysis - Answers - therapists help their patients look into past to uncover
repressed feelings
Counterconditioning - Answers - a client learns a new response to a stimulus that has
previously elicited an undesirable behavior
Aversive Conditioning - Answers - uses an unpleasant stimulus to stop an undesirable
behavior; therapists apply this technique to eliminate addictive behaviors, such as
smoking, nail biting, and drinking
Exposure Therapy - Answers - therapist seeks to treat clients' fears/anxiety by
presenting them with object or situation that causes their problem, with idea that they
will eventually get used to it
Systematic Desensitization - Answers - a calm and pleasant state is gradually
associated with increasing levels of anxiety-including stimuli; if you can learn to relax
when you are facing environmental stimuli that make you nervous or fearful, you can
eventually eliminate your unwanted fear response
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy - Answers - using a simulation to help conquer fears;
has been used effectively to treat numerous anxiety disorders such as fear of public
speaking, claustrophobia, fear of flying, and PTSD
Token Economy - Answers - individuals are reinforced for desirable behaviors with
tokens, such as a poker chip, that can be exchanged for items or privileges
Psychotherapy: Cognitive Therapy - Answers - focuses on how thoughts lead to
distress; how you think determines how you feel/act
, How Cognitive Therapists Help People - Answers - help clients change dysfunctional
thoughts in order to relive distress; help client see how they misinterpret a situation
(cognitive distortion)
Psychotherapy: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy - Answers - cognitive-behavioral
therapists focus much more on present issues than on a patient's childhood or past, as
in other forms of psychotherapy; helps clients examine how thoughts affect their
behavior; similar to cognitive therapy and behavior therapy
Cognitive Therapy - Answers - attempts to make people aware of their
irrational/negative thoughts, replace with new, more positive ways of thinking
Behavior Therapies - Answers - teaches people how to practice/engage in more
positive/healthy approaches to daily situations
ABC Model - Answers - there is an action (sometimes called an activating event), belief
about events, and consequences of this belief
Overgeneralization - Answers - someone takes a small situation and makes it large
ex: instead of "this particular woman was not interested in me", "i am ugly, a loser, and
no one is ever going to be interested in me"
All Or Nothing Thinking - Answers - common for people with depression; reflects
extremes; everything is black or white
Jumping To Conclusions - Answers - assuming people are thinking or reacting to you,
even though there is no evidence
Psychotherapy: Humanistic Therapy; Focus & Goal - Answers - focus- helping people
achieve their potential
goal- help people become more self-aware/accepting of themselves
focus on conscious rather than unconscious thoughts; also emphasize client's present
and future, as opposed to exploring past
Non-Directive Therapy - Answers - therapist doe snot give advice or provide
interpretations; help to identify conflicts and understand feeling; importance of taking
control of own life to overcome life's challenges
Active Listening - Answers - therapist acknowledges, restates, and clarifies what client
expresses
Unconditional Positive Regard - Answers - not judging clients and simply accepting
them for who they are
Psychotropic Medications - Answers - used to treat psychological disorders
