PNB 2265 EXAM 1 EXAM STUDY
GUIDE 2026/2027 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS ||
ALREADY GRADED A+
1. What kind of tissue is blood? - ANSWER Fluid connective tissue
2. What is hemostasis? - ANSWER Blood clotting
3. What is plasma made up of? - ANSWER Primarily water
4. What is the supernatent of blood? - ANSWER Plasma
5. What is the pellet in blood? - ANSWER Red blood cells
6. Thrombocytes - ANSWER Platelets
7. Leukocytes - ANSWER White blood cells
8. Erythrocytes - ANSWER Red blood cells
9. Hematocrit - ANSWER Measurement of the percentage of red blood cells in
blood composition
10.Where are the white blood cells and platelets found in a hematocrit? -
ANSWER Buffy coat
11.What does HBG stand for in CBC? - ANSWER Hemoglobin
12.What does MCV measure? - ANSWER Mean corpuscular volume of red
blood cells
,13.What are the subtypes of WBC? - ANSWER neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
14.What type of WBC do you look for to be abnormal for HIV? - ANSWER
Lymphocytes
15.What is a mnemonic to remember WBC in descending proportion? -
ANSWER Never let monkeys eat bananas
16.What contributes to cardiac output? - ANSWER Stroke volume X heart rate
17.What cells affect stroke volume? - ANSWER Contractile cells
18.What cells affect heart rate? - ANSWER Pacemakers
19.What cells does the sympathetic nervous system control in regards to the
heart? - ANSWER Contractile AND pacemaker cells
20.What cells does the parasympathetic nervous system control in regards to the
heart? - ANSWER ONLY the pacemaker cells
21.What is the Frank Starling Law? - ANSWER The more blood that enters the
heart, the greater amount of blood that comes out
- This is because when more blood enters the heart, the myocytes are
stretched to their optimal length allowing more blood to be pumped
out
22.Systole - ANSWER Contraction phase
23.Diastole - ANSWER Relaxation phase
24.What is the maximum volume of the ventricle called? - ANSWER End
diastolic volume
25.In what phases of the cardiac cycle are the valves closed? - ANSWER
Ventricular systole 1, and Ventricular diastole 1
,26.In what phase of the cardiac cycle is the AV valve open? - ANSWER
Ventricular diastole 2
27.In what phase of the cardiac cycle is the semilunar valve open? - ANSWER
Ventricular systole 2
28.What stages of the cardiac cycle are isovolumic? - ANSWER Ventricular
Systole 1, and Ventricular Diastole 1
29.In what stages of the cardiac cycle is the pressure in the atria greater than the
pressure in the ventricle - ANSWER Ventricle diastole 2
30.In what stages of the cardiac cycle is the pressure in the ventricle greater
than the pressure in the great vessel? - ANSWER Ventricle systole 2
31.At what stage is there end diastolic volume? - ANSWER Ventricular diasole
2
32.What causes the Hb O2 saturation curve to shift right? - ANSWER CO2
Acid
DPG
Exercise
Temperature increase
33.This question refers to EKG traces in this figure below. At what point are the
atria repolarizing? - ANSWER QRS
34.Cardiac anastomoses - ANSWER Webbing of fibers in cardiac muscles
only. They pick up the slack of other fibers during contraction and act as
bumping points for communication between cells.
35.This question refers to the figure below. Which currents are NOT active
during the plateau phase of the action potential in panel A? (contractile
myocyte) - ANSWER Inward sodium current
36.Which of the following components of plasma is responsible for blood
clotting? - ANSWER fibrinogens
, 37.This question refers to EKG traces in the figure below. At what point are the
ventricles depolarizing? - ANSWER QRS
38.When mean arteriole blood pressure fails, baroreceptors in the _____ will
_____ their firing rate - ANSWER carotid arteries, decrease
39.Follow the correct path of blood through the heart, beginning at the LEFT
ATRIUM: - ANSWER Bicuspid valve --> Left Ventricle --> SL Valve -->
Aorta
40.This question refers to the figure below. What effect will norepinephrine
have on the action potential shown in panel B? (pacemaker action potential)
- ANSWER Increase current through HCN channels
41.A pathological accumulation of fluid in the pericardium is called Cardiac
Tamponade - ANSWER True
42.FSK9027 is being investigated in clinical trials for its ability to increase
cardiac contractile force. This drug could work by - ANSWER activating
ryanodine receptors
43.What is the correct sequence for the events of hemostasis, starting with
damage to a blood vessel? - ANSWER vasospasm --> platelet activation -->
activation of thrombin --> fibrin formation
44.carbon monoxide - ANSWER prevents oxygen from binding Hb
45.Iron released from hemoglobin is transported through the blood by _____ to
the _____. - ANSWER transferrin, bone marrow
46.Blood flow to a tissue will increase if - ANSWER the level of carbon
dioxide at the tissue increases
47.What would happen if "AB+" blood was donated to an O recipient? -
ANSWER Hemoglobinuria
48.A Rh-negative woman chooses a Ph-positive mate. Their first pregnancywas
normal, but their second child developed hemolytic disease. The first child
was healthy because - ANSWER anti-Rh(D) antibodies first appear after
delivery
GUIDE 2026/2027 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS ||
ALREADY GRADED A+
1. What kind of tissue is blood? - ANSWER Fluid connective tissue
2. What is hemostasis? - ANSWER Blood clotting
3. What is plasma made up of? - ANSWER Primarily water
4. What is the supernatent of blood? - ANSWER Plasma
5. What is the pellet in blood? - ANSWER Red blood cells
6. Thrombocytes - ANSWER Platelets
7. Leukocytes - ANSWER White blood cells
8. Erythrocytes - ANSWER Red blood cells
9. Hematocrit - ANSWER Measurement of the percentage of red blood cells in
blood composition
10.Where are the white blood cells and platelets found in a hematocrit? -
ANSWER Buffy coat
11.What does HBG stand for in CBC? - ANSWER Hemoglobin
12.What does MCV measure? - ANSWER Mean corpuscular volume of red
blood cells
,13.What are the subtypes of WBC? - ANSWER neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
14.What type of WBC do you look for to be abnormal for HIV? - ANSWER
Lymphocytes
15.What is a mnemonic to remember WBC in descending proportion? -
ANSWER Never let monkeys eat bananas
16.What contributes to cardiac output? - ANSWER Stroke volume X heart rate
17.What cells affect stroke volume? - ANSWER Contractile cells
18.What cells affect heart rate? - ANSWER Pacemakers
19.What cells does the sympathetic nervous system control in regards to the
heart? - ANSWER Contractile AND pacemaker cells
20.What cells does the parasympathetic nervous system control in regards to the
heart? - ANSWER ONLY the pacemaker cells
21.What is the Frank Starling Law? - ANSWER The more blood that enters the
heart, the greater amount of blood that comes out
- This is because when more blood enters the heart, the myocytes are
stretched to their optimal length allowing more blood to be pumped
out
22.Systole - ANSWER Contraction phase
23.Diastole - ANSWER Relaxation phase
24.What is the maximum volume of the ventricle called? - ANSWER End
diastolic volume
25.In what phases of the cardiac cycle are the valves closed? - ANSWER
Ventricular systole 1, and Ventricular diastole 1
,26.In what phase of the cardiac cycle is the AV valve open? - ANSWER
Ventricular diastole 2
27.In what phase of the cardiac cycle is the semilunar valve open? - ANSWER
Ventricular systole 2
28.What stages of the cardiac cycle are isovolumic? - ANSWER Ventricular
Systole 1, and Ventricular Diastole 1
29.In what stages of the cardiac cycle is the pressure in the atria greater than the
pressure in the ventricle - ANSWER Ventricle diastole 2
30.In what stages of the cardiac cycle is the pressure in the ventricle greater
than the pressure in the great vessel? - ANSWER Ventricle systole 2
31.At what stage is there end diastolic volume? - ANSWER Ventricular diasole
2
32.What causes the Hb O2 saturation curve to shift right? - ANSWER CO2
Acid
DPG
Exercise
Temperature increase
33.This question refers to EKG traces in this figure below. At what point are the
atria repolarizing? - ANSWER QRS
34.Cardiac anastomoses - ANSWER Webbing of fibers in cardiac muscles
only. They pick up the slack of other fibers during contraction and act as
bumping points for communication between cells.
35.This question refers to the figure below. Which currents are NOT active
during the plateau phase of the action potential in panel A? (contractile
myocyte) - ANSWER Inward sodium current
36.Which of the following components of plasma is responsible for blood
clotting? - ANSWER fibrinogens
, 37.This question refers to EKG traces in the figure below. At what point are the
ventricles depolarizing? - ANSWER QRS
38.When mean arteriole blood pressure fails, baroreceptors in the _____ will
_____ their firing rate - ANSWER carotid arteries, decrease
39.Follow the correct path of blood through the heart, beginning at the LEFT
ATRIUM: - ANSWER Bicuspid valve --> Left Ventricle --> SL Valve -->
Aorta
40.This question refers to the figure below. What effect will norepinephrine
have on the action potential shown in panel B? (pacemaker action potential)
- ANSWER Increase current through HCN channels
41.A pathological accumulation of fluid in the pericardium is called Cardiac
Tamponade - ANSWER True
42.FSK9027 is being investigated in clinical trials for its ability to increase
cardiac contractile force. This drug could work by - ANSWER activating
ryanodine receptors
43.What is the correct sequence for the events of hemostasis, starting with
damage to a blood vessel? - ANSWER vasospasm --> platelet activation -->
activation of thrombin --> fibrin formation
44.carbon monoxide - ANSWER prevents oxygen from binding Hb
45.Iron released from hemoglobin is transported through the blood by _____ to
the _____. - ANSWER transferrin, bone marrow
46.Blood flow to a tissue will increase if - ANSWER the level of carbon
dioxide at the tissue increases
47.What would happen if "AB+" blood was donated to an O recipient? -
ANSWER Hemoglobinuria
48.A Rh-negative woman chooses a Ph-positive mate. Their first pregnancywas
normal, but their second child developed hemolytic disease. The first child
was healthy because - ANSWER anti-Rh(D) antibodies first appear after
delivery
