Reproductive System Disorders
CERTIFICATION PAPER 2026 FULL
SOLUTION GRADED A+
● benign prostatic hyperplasia. Answer: nonmalignant enlargement of
prostate gland that occurs in older men; clinical signs depend on
involvement of urethra, lower urinary tract symptoms; 3 main
pharmacologic agents used
● prostate cancer. Answer: most often an adenocarcinoma; symptoms
are vague and often don't present until advanced; diagnosed with DRE,
PSA, transrectal US
● race, age, genetics, environment, diet. Answer: risk factors for
prostate cancer
● exercise. Answer: prevention of prostate cancer
● digital rectal exam. Answer: what DRE stands for
● orchitis. Answer: inflammation of the testes; testicular pain and
swelling
, ● epididymitis. Answer: inflammation of the epididymis; under age 40
● testicular torsion. Answer: abnormal twisting of the spermatic cord;
surgical emergency; abrupt onset of pain with swelling
● testicular cancer. Answer: rare cancer caused by hormonal balance,
familial clustering, genetics; enlargement of the testis with diffuse
testicular pain, swelling, hardness; can metastasize into back pain, groin
or pelvic pain
● menopause. Answer: ending of menstruation; shift from child-bearing
to non-child-bearing
● endometriosis. Answer: estrogen dependent disorder; presence of
endometrial tissue outside of uterus; dysmenorrhea is the chief
complaint
● dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, infertility. Answer: triad of symptoms
with endometriosis
● dysmenorrhea. Answer: painful menstruation
● dyspareunia. Answer: painful intercourse
CERTIFICATION PAPER 2026 FULL
SOLUTION GRADED A+
● benign prostatic hyperplasia. Answer: nonmalignant enlargement of
prostate gland that occurs in older men; clinical signs depend on
involvement of urethra, lower urinary tract symptoms; 3 main
pharmacologic agents used
● prostate cancer. Answer: most often an adenocarcinoma; symptoms
are vague and often don't present until advanced; diagnosed with DRE,
PSA, transrectal US
● race, age, genetics, environment, diet. Answer: risk factors for
prostate cancer
● exercise. Answer: prevention of prostate cancer
● digital rectal exam. Answer: what DRE stands for
● orchitis. Answer: inflammation of the testes; testicular pain and
swelling
, ● epididymitis. Answer: inflammation of the epididymis; under age 40
● testicular torsion. Answer: abnormal twisting of the spermatic cord;
surgical emergency; abrupt onset of pain with swelling
● testicular cancer. Answer: rare cancer caused by hormonal balance,
familial clustering, genetics; enlargement of the testis with diffuse
testicular pain, swelling, hardness; can metastasize into back pain, groin
or pelvic pain
● menopause. Answer: ending of menstruation; shift from child-bearing
to non-child-bearing
● endometriosis. Answer: estrogen dependent disorder; presence of
endometrial tissue outside of uterus; dysmenorrhea is the chief
complaint
● dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, infertility. Answer: triad of symptoms
with endometriosis
● dysmenorrhea. Answer: painful menstruation
● dyspareunia. Answer: painful intercourse
