NDHCE LATEST 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Which tooth appears in the permanent dentition but not in the primary?
a. molars
b. Laterals
c. Centrals
d. Premolars - ✔✔d. Premolars
✔✔Which one of the tooth components has an equivalent hardness to bone?
a. Cementum
b. Enamel
c. Dentin
d. Dentin tubules - ✔✔b. Enamel
Enamel is the substance that covers the anatomic crown of the tooth, it is the hardest
substance in the body. It is created by cells known as ameloblasts.
✔✔Which attachment mechanism attaches the cells in the basal layer of stratified
squamous epithelium?
a. Desmosome
b. Hemidesmosome
c. Gap
D. Tight - ✔✔a. Desmosome
✔✔Which of the following are characteristic of bundle bone?
a. Covered by endosteum
b. adjacent to periodontal ligament and adjacent to fatty marrow
c. adjacent to fatty marrow and covered by endosteum
d. contains sharpey's fibers and is adjacent to periodontal ligament. - ✔✔d. contains
sharpey's fibers and is adjacent to periodontal ligament.
Bundle bone is adjacent to the periodontal ligament. It contains one end of the
Sharpey's fibers.
✔✔What type of cells are found in howships lacunae?
a. osteocytes
b. osteoclasts
c. cementocytes
d. cementoblast - ✔✔b. osteoclasts
Howship's lacunae are found in areas of resorbed bone. The bone-resorbing cells
(osteoclasts) are found in these hollowed out depressions that the osteoclasts created.
✔✔What is the name of the space occupied by the body of the cementocyte?
a. Lamellae
b. Lacuna
c. Canaliculi
,d. Cementicle - ✔✔b. Lacuna
The space occupied by a cementocyte is called a lacuna, meaning "little space."
✔✔Cementum differs from bone in that cementum:
a. Contains cells
b. Has no blood vessels
c. Is 50% inorganic and 50% organic
d. Resorbs more readily - ✔✔b. Has no blood vessels
Cementum is different from bone in that cementum contains no blood vessels; bone is a
vascular tissue.
✔✔What is the name of the outer, less calcified later of cementum?
a. Cellular cementum
b. acellular cementum
c. cementoid
d. cementicles - ✔✔c. cementoid
Cementoid is the outer less-calcified layer of cemental tissue. It is the layer of organic
matrix that was most recently laid down. This cementoid layer results in cementum
resorbing less readily than bone.
✔✔What name is given to the remnants of hertwigs epithelial root sheath found in the
periodontal ligaments of a functioning root.
a. Enamel peals
b. denticles
c. Rests of malassez
d. Cementicles - ✔✔c. Rests of malassez
The Rests of Malassez are remnants of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath that remain in
the periodontal ligament space following root formation. They are the source of cyst
formation.
✔✔The crystalline formation of a mature cone consists of mainly which of the following?
a. Calcium hydroxyapatite
b. Osteoid
c. Osteocytes
d. Canaliculi - ✔✔a. Calcium hydroxyapatite
It is this inorganic substance in a crystalline formation of mainly calcium hydroxyapatite
that gives bone its hardness
✔✔What tissue component of the periodontal ligament is responsible for the production
of the fibrous matrix and ground substance?
a. Osteoblast
b. Cementoblast
c. Odontoblast
d. Fibroblast - ✔✔d. Fibroblast
,The Fibroblasts of the periodontal ligament is responsible for the production of the
fibrous matrix and ground substance; they build and produce new fibers which remodel
existing fibers.
✔✔Which portion of the tooth germ is the primary source of the periodontal ligament?
a. Dental follicle
b. Hertwigs epithelial root sheath
c. Stratum intermedium
d. Central cells of dental papilla - ✔✔a. Dental follicle
dental follicle is the tooth germ and three embryological structures the enamel organ,
dental papilla, and dental sac
✔✔The upper deep cervical nodes primarily drain all except:
a. tonsils
b. base of tongue
c. third molar
d. soft palate. - ✔✔d. soft palate.
Soft Palate is drained by the retropharyngeal nodes
✔✔Pulp changes result from aging. Changes result from:
a. increased collagen fibers
b. True denticles
c. false denticles
d. diffuse calcification - ✔✔a. increased collagen fibers
Increased collagen fibers are present as teeth age
✔✔A sagittal MRI would visualize the body bisected into:
a. Anterior and Posterior Portion
b. Superior and inferior portions
c. Right and left
d. None of the above - ✔✔c. Right and left
sagittal section divides the body or organ into right and left portions
✔✔Which cellular organelle synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates?
a. Golgi complex
b. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
c . Lysosomes
d. Smooth endoplasmic Reticulum - ✔✔d. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum synthesizes
lipids and carbohydrates
✔✔A solution that has a lower concentration of solution than, the cytosol inside the cell
is said to be:
a. Isotonic
b. hypertonic
c. Hypotonic
, d. Stable - ✔✔c. Hypotonic
A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes than the cytosol inside the
cell; water molecules would enter the cell faster than they leave and the cell will swell.
✔✔Which active transport process allows large molecules to leave the cell after being
enclosed in membranous vesicle?
a. Active transport pump
b. Endocytosis
c. Exocytosis
d. Phagocytosis - ✔✔c. Exocytosis
Exocytosis is the secretion of cellular products after being enclosed in membranous
vesicles.
✔✔Pyric acid is converted into the ACTEYL Coenzyme during which stage of cellular
respiration
a. Glycolysis
b. Citric acid cycle
c. electric transport
d. protein synthesis - ✔✔b. Citric acid cycle
In the citric acid cycle, pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl coenzyme A (CoA),
ultimately leading to CO2 and energy after CoA is broken down.
✔✔A dental hygienist created a dental plan and divided his patients oral cavity at the
transverse plane. he plans to debride 2 quadrants per appointment which quadrant will
be treated at each scheduled appointment?
a. appointment 1 upper right and lower right Appointment to upper left lower left
b. appointment one lower right lower left appointment 2 upper left lower right
c. appointment one upper right and lower left appointment 2 upper left lower right
d. appointment one all interior teeth appointment 2 all posterior teeth - ✔✔6. B. A
transverse plane divides the oral cavity into upper and lower (superior and inferior)
halves. (In this case UR, UL and LR, LL)
✔✔what type of Amazon functions to rearrange atoms within a molecule
a. oxidation reduction enzymes
b. Mutases
c. Hydrases
d. Phosphorylating enzyme - ✔✔B. Mutases are enzymes that rearrange atoms within
a molecule
✔✔which membrane covers the outer surface of an organ
a. visceral serous membrane
b. Mucus membrane
c. cutaneous membrane
d. Partietal serous membrane - ✔✔a. visceral serous membrane
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Which tooth appears in the permanent dentition but not in the primary?
a. molars
b. Laterals
c. Centrals
d. Premolars - ✔✔d. Premolars
✔✔Which one of the tooth components has an equivalent hardness to bone?
a. Cementum
b. Enamel
c. Dentin
d. Dentin tubules - ✔✔b. Enamel
Enamel is the substance that covers the anatomic crown of the tooth, it is the hardest
substance in the body. It is created by cells known as ameloblasts.
✔✔Which attachment mechanism attaches the cells in the basal layer of stratified
squamous epithelium?
a. Desmosome
b. Hemidesmosome
c. Gap
D. Tight - ✔✔a. Desmosome
✔✔Which of the following are characteristic of bundle bone?
a. Covered by endosteum
b. adjacent to periodontal ligament and adjacent to fatty marrow
c. adjacent to fatty marrow and covered by endosteum
d. contains sharpey's fibers and is adjacent to periodontal ligament. - ✔✔d. contains
sharpey's fibers and is adjacent to periodontal ligament.
Bundle bone is adjacent to the periodontal ligament. It contains one end of the
Sharpey's fibers.
✔✔What type of cells are found in howships lacunae?
a. osteocytes
b. osteoclasts
c. cementocytes
d. cementoblast - ✔✔b. osteoclasts
Howship's lacunae are found in areas of resorbed bone. The bone-resorbing cells
(osteoclasts) are found in these hollowed out depressions that the osteoclasts created.
✔✔What is the name of the space occupied by the body of the cementocyte?
a. Lamellae
b. Lacuna
c. Canaliculi
,d. Cementicle - ✔✔b. Lacuna
The space occupied by a cementocyte is called a lacuna, meaning "little space."
✔✔Cementum differs from bone in that cementum:
a. Contains cells
b. Has no blood vessels
c. Is 50% inorganic and 50% organic
d. Resorbs more readily - ✔✔b. Has no blood vessels
Cementum is different from bone in that cementum contains no blood vessels; bone is a
vascular tissue.
✔✔What is the name of the outer, less calcified later of cementum?
a. Cellular cementum
b. acellular cementum
c. cementoid
d. cementicles - ✔✔c. cementoid
Cementoid is the outer less-calcified layer of cemental tissue. It is the layer of organic
matrix that was most recently laid down. This cementoid layer results in cementum
resorbing less readily than bone.
✔✔What name is given to the remnants of hertwigs epithelial root sheath found in the
periodontal ligaments of a functioning root.
a. Enamel peals
b. denticles
c. Rests of malassez
d. Cementicles - ✔✔c. Rests of malassez
The Rests of Malassez are remnants of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath that remain in
the periodontal ligament space following root formation. They are the source of cyst
formation.
✔✔The crystalline formation of a mature cone consists of mainly which of the following?
a. Calcium hydroxyapatite
b. Osteoid
c. Osteocytes
d. Canaliculi - ✔✔a. Calcium hydroxyapatite
It is this inorganic substance in a crystalline formation of mainly calcium hydroxyapatite
that gives bone its hardness
✔✔What tissue component of the periodontal ligament is responsible for the production
of the fibrous matrix and ground substance?
a. Osteoblast
b. Cementoblast
c. Odontoblast
d. Fibroblast - ✔✔d. Fibroblast
,The Fibroblasts of the periodontal ligament is responsible for the production of the
fibrous matrix and ground substance; they build and produce new fibers which remodel
existing fibers.
✔✔Which portion of the tooth germ is the primary source of the periodontal ligament?
a. Dental follicle
b. Hertwigs epithelial root sheath
c. Stratum intermedium
d. Central cells of dental papilla - ✔✔a. Dental follicle
dental follicle is the tooth germ and three embryological structures the enamel organ,
dental papilla, and dental sac
✔✔The upper deep cervical nodes primarily drain all except:
a. tonsils
b. base of tongue
c. third molar
d. soft palate. - ✔✔d. soft palate.
Soft Palate is drained by the retropharyngeal nodes
✔✔Pulp changes result from aging. Changes result from:
a. increased collagen fibers
b. True denticles
c. false denticles
d. diffuse calcification - ✔✔a. increased collagen fibers
Increased collagen fibers are present as teeth age
✔✔A sagittal MRI would visualize the body bisected into:
a. Anterior and Posterior Portion
b. Superior and inferior portions
c. Right and left
d. None of the above - ✔✔c. Right and left
sagittal section divides the body or organ into right and left portions
✔✔Which cellular organelle synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates?
a. Golgi complex
b. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
c . Lysosomes
d. Smooth endoplasmic Reticulum - ✔✔d. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum synthesizes
lipids and carbohydrates
✔✔A solution that has a lower concentration of solution than, the cytosol inside the cell
is said to be:
a. Isotonic
b. hypertonic
c. Hypotonic
, d. Stable - ✔✔c. Hypotonic
A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes than the cytosol inside the
cell; water molecules would enter the cell faster than they leave and the cell will swell.
✔✔Which active transport process allows large molecules to leave the cell after being
enclosed in membranous vesicle?
a. Active transport pump
b. Endocytosis
c. Exocytosis
d. Phagocytosis - ✔✔c. Exocytosis
Exocytosis is the secretion of cellular products after being enclosed in membranous
vesicles.
✔✔Pyric acid is converted into the ACTEYL Coenzyme during which stage of cellular
respiration
a. Glycolysis
b. Citric acid cycle
c. electric transport
d. protein synthesis - ✔✔b. Citric acid cycle
In the citric acid cycle, pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl coenzyme A (CoA),
ultimately leading to CO2 and energy after CoA is broken down.
✔✔A dental hygienist created a dental plan and divided his patients oral cavity at the
transverse plane. he plans to debride 2 quadrants per appointment which quadrant will
be treated at each scheduled appointment?
a. appointment 1 upper right and lower right Appointment to upper left lower left
b. appointment one lower right lower left appointment 2 upper left lower right
c. appointment one upper right and lower left appointment 2 upper left lower right
d. appointment one all interior teeth appointment 2 all posterior teeth - ✔✔6. B. A
transverse plane divides the oral cavity into upper and lower (superior and inferior)
halves. (In this case UR, UL and LR, LL)
✔✔what type of Amazon functions to rearrange atoms within a molecule
a. oxidation reduction enzymes
b. Mutases
c. Hydrases
d. Phosphorylating enzyme - ✔✔B. Mutases are enzymes that rearrange atoms within
a molecule
✔✔which membrane covers the outer surface of an organ
a. visceral serous membrane
b. Mucus membrane
c. cutaneous membrane
d. Partietal serous membrane - ✔✔a. visceral serous membrane
