IVYTECH APHY 102 CERTIFICATION SCRIPT
2026 QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ protein buffer system.
Answer: amino acids accept or release H+ to maintain pH
◍ Oxygen is carried in the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions and is bound
to hemoglobin..
Answer: False
◍ What is the main function of capillaries?.
Answer: They allow for exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between
blood and tissues.
◍ What is the humoral immune response?.
Answer: B cells produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids.
◍ urinary bladder.
Answer: stores urine
◍ Functions of bile components?.
Answer: Bile salts: emulsify fats for digestionBilirubin: waste from RBC
breakdown
◍ What causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration?.
Answer: Pressure gradient between atomosphere and alveoli
◍ Define diapedesis, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis..
Answer: Diapedesis: WBCs squeezing through vessel wallsChemotaxis:
WBCs moving toward chemical signalsPhagocytosis: Engulfing
pathogens/debris
◍ What is the function of the placenta?.
, Answer: Allows oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from maternal blood to the
embryo.
◍ Aging-related changes include shrinking of the prostate in men and
enlargement of the breasts in women..
Answer: False
◍ EPO.
Answer: (Hormone used by athletes) erythropoietin; promotes growth of red
blood cells
◍ Examples and functions of chemical barriers?.
Answer: Stomach acid: kills microbesEnzymes (lysozyme in tears): destroy
bacteriaInterferons: block virus replication
◍ Define immunity..
Answer: The body's ability to resist infection and disease.
◍ extracellular fluid.
Answer: fluid outside the cell
◍ Define inspiration, expiration, respiratory cycle..
Answer: Inspiration: air inExpiration: air outRespiratory cycle: one
inspiration + one expiration
◍ Where does the thoracic duct empty?.
Answer: Into the left subclavian vein.
◍ Why is fever important?.
Answer: Inhibits pathogen growth and boosts immune activity.
◍ What is the function of platelets?.
Answer: Help stop bleeding by forming plugs and releasing clotting
chemicals.
◍ The layer of serous membrane that is firmly attached to the surface of a lung
is called the __________..
Answer: visceral pleura
, ◍ Functions of the esophagus?.
Answer: Propels food from pharynx to stomach via peristalsis.
◍ Alimentary canal organs (in order)?.
Answer: Mouth → pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine →
large intestine → anusAccessory organs: Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas
◍ Which lymph nodes drain which body regions?.
Answer: Cervical: head and neckAxillary: upper limbs and chestInguinal:
lower limbs and pelvisAbdominal/thoracic: internal organs
◍ Where is the heart located and what is its shape?.
Answer: In the thoracic cavity between the lungs; cone-shaped with the apex
pointing left.
◍ Crossover.
Answer: a form of genetic material that occurs during prophase I of meiosis,
Why? genetic variability
◍ chemical buffering systems.
Answer: are in all body fluids, are based on chemicals that combine excess
acids and bases
◍ What are the two main components of the cardiovascular system and their
functions?.
Answer: The heart (pumps blood) and blood vessels (transport blood).
◍ Which of the following is not a function of the mucus-lined nasal passages?.
Answer: Cooling exhaled air
◍ Who is the universal donor and recipient?.
Answer: Universal donor: Type O−Universal recipient: Type AB+
◍ Basic movements and innervation of the canal?.
Answer: Movements: peristalsis, segmentation. Controlled by enteric and
autonomic nervous systems.
◍ An individual who carries two identical alleles for a gene is said to be
2026 QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ protein buffer system.
Answer: amino acids accept or release H+ to maintain pH
◍ Oxygen is carried in the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions and is bound
to hemoglobin..
Answer: False
◍ What is the main function of capillaries?.
Answer: They allow for exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between
blood and tissues.
◍ What is the humoral immune response?.
Answer: B cells produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids.
◍ urinary bladder.
Answer: stores urine
◍ Functions of bile components?.
Answer: Bile salts: emulsify fats for digestionBilirubin: waste from RBC
breakdown
◍ What causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration?.
Answer: Pressure gradient between atomosphere and alveoli
◍ Define diapedesis, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis..
Answer: Diapedesis: WBCs squeezing through vessel wallsChemotaxis:
WBCs moving toward chemical signalsPhagocytosis: Engulfing
pathogens/debris
◍ What is the function of the placenta?.
, Answer: Allows oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from maternal blood to the
embryo.
◍ Aging-related changes include shrinking of the prostate in men and
enlargement of the breasts in women..
Answer: False
◍ EPO.
Answer: (Hormone used by athletes) erythropoietin; promotes growth of red
blood cells
◍ Examples and functions of chemical barriers?.
Answer: Stomach acid: kills microbesEnzymes (lysozyme in tears): destroy
bacteriaInterferons: block virus replication
◍ Define immunity..
Answer: The body's ability to resist infection and disease.
◍ extracellular fluid.
Answer: fluid outside the cell
◍ Define inspiration, expiration, respiratory cycle..
Answer: Inspiration: air inExpiration: air outRespiratory cycle: one
inspiration + one expiration
◍ Where does the thoracic duct empty?.
Answer: Into the left subclavian vein.
◍ Why is fever important?.
Answer: Inhibits pathogen growth and boosts immune activity.
◍ What is the function of platelets?.
Answer: Help stop bleeding by forming plugs and releasing clotting
chemicals.
◍ The layer of serous membrane that is firmly attached to the surface of a lung
is called the __________..
Answer: visceral pleura
, ◍ Functions of the esophagus?.
Answer: Propels food from pharynx to stomach via peristalsis.
◍ Alimentary canal organs (in order)?.
Answer: Mouth → pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine →
large intestine → anusAccessory organs: Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas
◍ Which lymph nodes drain which body regions?.
Answer: Cervical: head and neckAxillary: upper limbs and chestInguinal:
lower limbs and pelvisAbdominal/thoracic: internal organs
◍ Where is the heart located and what is its shape?.
Answer: In the thoracic cavity between the lungs; cone-shaped with the apex
pointing left.
◍ Crossover.
Answer: a form of genetic material that occurs during prophase I of meiosis,
Why? genetic variability
◍ chemical buffering systems.
Answer: are in all body fluids, are based on chemicals that combine excess
acids and bases
◍ What are the two main components of the cardiovascular system and their
functions?.
Answer: The heart (pumps blood) and blood vessels (transport blood).
◍ Which of the following is not a function of the mucus-lined nasal passages?.
Answer: Cooling exhaled air
◍ Who is the universal donor and recipient?.
Answer: Universal donor: Type O−Universal recipient: Type AB+
◍ Basic movements and innervation of the canal?.
Answer: Movements: peristalsis, segmentation. Controlled by enteric and
autonomic nervous systems.
◍ An individual who carries two identical alleles for a gene is said to be
