Portage Pathophysiology Module 2 Questions with Complete Solutions
Students also studied
Terms in this set (129)
Unregulated growth of abnormal cells.
- 2nd leading cause of death in the United States
cancer
- predominantly disease of aging bc multiple mutations are required before it can
develop
New, uncontrolled, uncoordinated growth that is not under physiological control
- means "new growth."
neoplasia
- disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth
- new growth itself is neoplasm
process of cell division, is an adaptive process for new cell growth to replace old
cells or when additional cells are needed.
Proliferation
- As result of mutation, a cell gets characteristics that allow it to have selective
advantage over neighbors (increased growth rate or decreased apoptosis).
Differentiation process by which cells become more specialized with each mitotic division.
eliminates senescent (old), damaged, or unwanted cells through a process of
Apoptosis
controlled cell death.
Proto-oncogenes (overactivity)
Cell cycle regulation
Tumor suppressor genes (underactivity)
Encode proteins that signal for the cell to proliferate through a tightly regulated
process.
Proto-oncogenes
- Turn into cancer when they mutate to oncogenes: function is increased or
activated.
Encode proteins that inhibit cell division and signal (when necessary) for apoptosis.
Tumor suppressor genes
- Mutations inhibit or decrease the ability of the cell to stop growth.
, - process where a cell duplicates its genetic information and divides bw 2
genetically identical daughter cells,
- 4 phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
G1 (gap 1): DNA synthesis stops while the cell enlarges and both RNA and protein
synthesis begins.
S phase: DNA synthesis occurs, producing two separate sets of chromosomes, one
for each daughter cell.
G2 (gap 2): DNA synthesis again stops while RNA/protein synthesis continues. These
Cell cycle
first three phases are referred to as interphase.
M phase: consists of mitosis (dividing up the DNA) and cytoplasmic division.
Continually dividing cells, like the skin's squamous epithelium, continue to cycle from
one mitotic division to the next, while some cells go into a resting state known as G0.
A resting phase (G0) may occur when nutrients or growth factors are unavailable or
when highly specialized cells first leave the cell cycle. Cells in G0 may then re-enter
the cell cycle when nutrients become available, or the cell receives stimuli via
growth factors, hormones, or other signals that trigger cell growth, such as blood
loss or tissue injury. Highly specialized and terminally differentiated cells, like
neurons, may permanently stay in G0
a means of molecular surveillance used to ensure the cell is ready to proceed to the
next phase. If not, the cycle is halted and allowed to complete its replication or even
cell cycle checkpoints
repair any DNA damage (when detected), thereby ensuring all the genetic
information is passed on correctly.
process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell division (regulate cell
Cell proliferation
development).
1. gametes (ovum and sperm)
- haploid, one set of chromosomes from one parent
Human cell categories:
-when fuse, become diploid somatic cells
2. somatic (non-reproductive) cells.
(1) well-differentiated neurons and cells of skeletal and cardiac muscles that rarely
divide and reproduce;
(2) progenitor or parent cells that continue to divide and reproduce, such as blood,
3 groups of cells that proliferate:
skin, and liver cells;
(3) undifferentiated stem cells that can enter the cell cycle and produce large
numbers of progenitor cells if needed.
process by which cells become more specialized in both their structure and function
(to do the job they are supposed to do).
- resulting adult cell has a specific set of characteristics relative to its composition,
Cell differentiation function, and turnover (lifespan) rates.
-example: generalized blood-forming cells in the bone marrow differentiate into
specialized adult red blood cells programmed to develop into concave disks and
serve as an oxygen transport for about three months.
When specialized cells are unable to divide, these cell populations rely on
progenitor or parent cells of the same lineage that are still able to divide. Such cells
progenitor or parent cells
are not yet fully differentiated to the same extent as mature specialized cells and yet
are differentiated enough to give rise to daughter cells of the same lineage.
Students also studied
Terms in this set (129)
Unregulated growth of abnormal cells.
- 2nd leading cause of death in the United States
cancer
- predominantly disease of aging bc multiple mutations are required before it can
develop
New, uncontrolled, uncoordinated growth that is not under physiological control
- means "new growth."
neoplasia
- disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth
- new growth itself is neoplasm
process of cell division, is an adaptive process for new cell growth to replace old
cells or when additional cells are needed.
Proliferation
- As result of mutation, a cell gets characteristics that allow it to have selective
advantage over neighbors (increased growth rate or decreased apoptosis).
Differentiation process by which cells become more specialized with each mitotic division.
eliminates senescent (old), damaged, or unwanted cells through a process of
Apoptosis
controlled cell death.
Proto-oncogenes (overactivity)
Cell cycle regulation
Tumor suppressor genes (underactivity)
Encode proteins that signal for the cell to proliferate through a tightly regulated
process.
Proto-oncogenes
- Turn into cancer when they mutate to oncogenes: function is increased or
activated.
Encode proteins that inhibit cell division and signal (when necessary) for apoptosis.
Tumor suppressor genes
- Mutations inhibit or decrease the ability of the cell to stop growth.
, - process where a cell duplicates its genetic information and divides bw 2
genetically identical daughter cells,
- 4 phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
G1 (gap 1): DNA synthesis stops while the cell enlarges and both RNA and protein
synthesis begins.
S phase: DNA synthesis occurs, producing two separate sets of chromosomes, one
for each daughter cell.
G2 (gap 2): DNA synthesis again stops while RNA/protein synthesis continues. These
Cell cycle
first three phases are referred to as interphase.
M phase: consists of mitosis (dividing up the DNA) and cytoplasmic division.
Continually dividing cells, like the skin's squamous epithelium, continue to cycle from
one mitotic division to the next, while some cells go into a resting state known as G0.
A resting phase (G0) may occur when nutrients or growth factors are unavailable or
when highly specialized cells first leave the cell cycle. Cells in G0 may then re-enter
the cell cycle when nutrients become available, or the cell receives stimuli via
growth factors, hormones, or other signals that trigger cell growth, such as blood
loss or tissue injury. Highly specialized and terminally differentiated cells, like
neurons, may permanently stay in G0
a means of molecular surveillance used to ensure the cell is ready to proceed to the
next phase. If not, the cycle is halted and allowed to complete its replication or even
cell cycle checkpoints
repair any DNA damage (when detected), thereby ensuring all the genetic
information is passed on correctly.
process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell division (regulate cell
Cell proliferation
development).
1. gametes (ovum and sperm)
- haploid, one set of chromosomes from one parent
Human cell categories:
-when fuse, become diploid somatic cells
2. somatic (non-reproductive) cells.
(1) well-differentiated neurons and cells of skeletal and cardiac muscles that rarely
divide and reproduce;
(2) progenitor or parent cells that continue to divide and reproduce, such as blood,
3 groups of cells that proliferate:
skin, and liver cells;
(3) undifferentiated stem cells that can enter the cell cycle and produce large
numbers of progenitor cells if needed.
process by which cells become more specialized in both their structure and function
(to do the job they are supposed to do).
- resulting adult cell has a specific set of characteristics relative to its composition,
Cell differentiation function, and turnover (lifespan) rates.
-example: generalized blood-forming cells in the bone marrow differentiate into
specialized adult red blood cells programmed to develop into concave disks and
serve as an oxygen transport for about three months.
When specialized cells are unable to divide, these cell populations rely on
progenitor or parent cells of the same lineage that are still able to divide. Such cells
progenitor or parent cells
are not yet fully differentiated to the same extent as mature specialized cells and yet
are differentiated enough to give rise to daughter cells of the same lineage.
