What are three TNM ( stand for ) used to describe the amount and spread of cancer in the
body - ANSWER T-tumor
N-node
M-metastasis
Primary tumor (T) - ANSWER describes the size of the primary tumor and any spread of
cancer into nearby tissue
Regional lymph nodes ( N ) - ANSWER describes spread of cancer to nearby lymph nodes
Lymphatic fluid transports immune system cells throughout the body with the aid of Lymph
node (small bean-shaped structures).
Distant metastasis (M) - ANSWER is the spread of cancer to other parts of the body
TNM system - ANSWER assesses the tumor size, spread to lymph nodes, and metastasis
to stage malignant tumors.
Pathophysiology - ANSWER the study of illness in the human body
OR
The study of the cause of disease
1
, Cellular adaptation - ANSWER refers to the cell's ability to change in response to internal
and external environmental threats
Atrophy - ANSWER a decrease in the size of cells leading to reduced tissue mass
What cause atrophy - ANSWER reduced use, poor nutrition, decreased hormonal or neu-
rological stimulation, aging
Example of atrophy - ANSWER muscles get smaller and become weak when not used,
such as after being in a cast
Hypertrophy - ANSWER an increase in the size of cells leading to an enlarged tissue mass
What cause hypertrophy - ANSWER overworking the tissue, hormonal stimulation
Example of hypertrophy - ANSWER increase in muscle size achieved by exercise
Hyperplasia - ANSWER an increase in the number of cells leading to an enlarged tissue
mass
What cause hyperplasia - ANSWER may be a compensatory mechanism or pathologic due
to hormonal imbalance
Example of hyperplasia - ANSWER occurs with hypertrophy during pregnancy to enlarge
the uterus
Metaplasia - ANSWER replacement of a mature cell type with another mature cell type
2
body - ANSWER T-tumor
N-node
M-metastasis
Primary tumor (T) - ANSWER describes the size of the primary tumor and any spread of
cancer into nearby tissue
Regional lymph nodes ( N ) - ANSWER describes spread of cancer to nearby lymph nodes
Lymphatic fluid transports immune system cells throughout the body with the aid of Lymph
node (small bean-shaped structures).
Distant metastasis (M) - ANSWER is the spread of cancer to other parts of the body
TNM system - ANSWER assesses the tumor size, spread to lymph nodes, and metastasis
to stage malignant tumors.
Pathophysiology - ANSWER the study of illness in the human body
OR
The study of the cause of disease
1
, Cellular adaptation - ANSWER refers to the cell's ability to change in response to internal
and external environmental threats
Atrophy - ANSWER a decrease in the size of cells leading to reduced tissue mass
What cause atrophy - ANSWER reduced use, poor nutrition, decreased hormonal or neu-
rological stimulation, aging
Example of atrophy - ANSWER muscles get smaller and become weak when not used,
such as after being in a cast
Hypertrophy - ANSWER an increase in the size of cells leading to an enlarged tissue mass
What cause hypertrophy - ANSWER overworking the tissue, hormonal stimulation
Example of hypertrophy - ANSWER increase in muscle size achieved by exercise
Hyperplasia - ANSWER an increase in the number of cells leading to an enlarged tissue
mass
What cause hyperplasia - ANSWER may be a compensatory mechanism or pathologic due
to hormonal imbalance
Example of hyperplasia - ANSWER occurs with hypertrophy during pregnancy to enlarge
the uterus
Metaplasia - ANSWER replacement of a mature cell type with another mature cell type
2
