Hypokalemia - ANSWER Serum potassium level of less than 3.5 mEq/L
This may lead to cardiac arrest.
Hypokalemia signs and symptoms - ANSWER Cardiac arrhythmias leading to arrest
Anorexia, nausea, constipation
Fatigue, muscle twitching, weakness, leg cramps
Shallow respirations, paresthesia (numbness or tingling)
Postural hypotension (lower when standing)
Polyuria, nocturia
Elevated serum pH (greater than 7.45, or alkalosis)
Hypokalemia causes - ANSWER Excessive loss due to diarrhea
Lost in urine when on certain diuretic drugs, like furosemide
Excessive aldosterone or glucocorticoids in the body (Cushing syndrome)
Decreased dietary intake (associated with alcoholism, eating disorders, and starvation)
Treating diabetic ketoacidosis with insulin (forces potassium back into the cell, lowering the
serum potassium leve
Hydrochloric acid (H+) function - ANSWER Digestion
Hypertonic Dehydration
Characterized by - ANSWER increased serum sodium and osmolality
Sodium chloride (Na+ ) function - ANSWER Regulates osmotic pressure
1
,Mg+ Magnesium chloride function - ANSWER Works with muscle and nerves
Ca+ Calcium chloride function - ANSWER Important for bone regulation
Hyponatremia causes - ANSWER sweating
vomiting
diarrhea
use of some medications while on a low-salt diet
hormonal imbalances
early stages of chronic renal failure
excessive water intake
Hypertonic Dehydration
Cellular Changes - ANSWER Water is transported out of the cell. Solute concentration in-
side the cell is lower. The cell shrinks.
What occurs during osmosis? - ANSWER Water moves from an area of lower solute con-
centration to an area of higher solute concentration.
Intracellular fluid (ICF) - ANSWER within the cell
amount to Two-thirds of the body's fluids
Extracellular fluid (ECF) - ANSWER outside the cell
amount to One-third of the fluid in the body
Hydrostatic pressure - ANSWER is the pressure exerted to push fluid from one compart-
ment to another.
2
,increase permeability - ANSWER is described as a change in the wall of a membrane to
allow more material to pass through it.
Osmotic pressure - ANSWER draws fluid from an area of higher concentration to one of
lower concentration.
Osmolarity - ANSWER is a value used to describe the concentration (number of particles)
within a fluid. its determines osmotic pressure.
Hormones in fluid imbalances - ANSWER are used to attract fluid or control the pressure
of the vascular system.
proteins in fluid imbalances - ANSWER Used to maintain fluid balance by attracting addi-
tional water to increase fluid balance
Low levels can cause movement of fluid into interstitial areas, causing edema.
Blood pressure in fluid imbalances - ANSWER Receptors throughout the body that send
signals to the autonomic nervous system to constrict or dilate blood vessels depending on
the fluid imbalance it may sense.
Electrolytes in fluid imbalances - ANSWER are used by the body to adjust fluid levels.
Intravenous fluids used by healthcare professionals rely on sodium concentrations to treat
conditions of fluid imbalance.
3 primary Hormones That Change Fluid Levels (fluid overload and dehydration) - AN-
SWER Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP
3
, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - ANSWER signals the kidneys to promote reabsorption of
water.
Aldosterone - ANSWER signals the kidneys for reabsorption of sodium ions and water.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) - ANSWER are se-
creted by the heart to assist with fluid level maintenance.
Hypovolemia - ANSWER low blood volume
Blood is lost due to hemorrhage and poor fluid intake.
Maldistribution of fluid - ANSWER Movement of fluid from one compartment to another
without a loss of fluid
Hypervolemia - ANSWER happens when too much fluid accumulates and/or organs in the
body are unable to manage or excrete this extra fluid.
Conditions that lead to fluid imbalance
Hypovolemia - ANSWER blood loss from external injury
dehydration
anemia
gastrointestinal bleeding
medications (diuretics, laxatives)
extensive burns
severe diarrhea and/or vomiting
Conditions that lead to fluid imbalance
4
This may lead to cardiac arrest.
Hypokalemia signs and symptoms - ANSWER Cardiac arrhythmias leading to arrest
Anorexia, nausea, constipation
Fatigue, muscle twitching, weakness, leg cramps
Shallow respirations, paresthesia (numbness or tingling)
Postural hypotension (lower when standing)
Polyuria, nocturia
Elevated serum pH (greater than 7.45, or alkalosis)
Hypokalemia causes - ANSWER Excessive loss due to diarrhea
Lost in urine when on certain diuretic drugs, like furosemide
Excessive aldosterone or glucocorticoids in the body (Cushing syndrome)
Decreased dietary intake (associated with alcoholism, eating disorders, and starvation)
Treating diabetic ketoacidosis with insulin (forces potassium back into the cell, lowering the
serum potassium leve
Hydrochloric acid (H+) function - ANSWER Digestion
Hypertonic Dehydration
Characterized by - ANSWER increased serum sodium and osmolality
Sodium chloride (Na+ ) function - ANSWER Regulates osmotic pressure
1
,Mg+ Magnesium chloride function - ANSWER Works with muscle and nerves
Ca+ Calcium chloride function - ANSWER Important for bone regulation
Hyponatremia causes - ANSWER sweating
vomiting
diarrhea
use of some medications while on a low-salt diet
hormonal imbalances
early stages of chronic renal failure
excessive water intake
Hypertonic Dehydration
Cellular Changes - ANSWER Water is transported out of the cell. Solute concentration in-
side the cell is lower. The cell shrinks.
What occurs during osmosis? - ANSWER Water moves from an area of lower solute con-
centration to an area of higher solute concentration.
Intracellular fluid (ICF) - ANSWER within the cell
amount to Two-thirds of the body's fluids
Extracellular fluid (ECF) - ANSWER outside the cell
amount to One-third of the fluid in the body
Hydrostatic pressure - ANSWER is the pressure exerted to push fluid from one compart-
ment to another.
2
,increase permeability - ANSWER is described as a change in the wall of a membrane to
allow more material to pass through it.
Osmotic pressure - ANSWER draws fluid from an area of higher concentration to one of
lower concentration.
Osmolarity - ANSWER is a value used to describe the concentration (number of particles)
within a fluid. its determines osmotic pressure.
Hormones in fluid imbalances - ANSWER are used to attract fluid or control the pressure
of the vascular system.
proteins in fluid imbalances - ANSWER Used to maintain fluid balance by attracting addi-
tional water to increase fluid balance
Low levels can cause movement of fluid into interstitial areas, causing edema.
Blood pressure in fluid imbalances - ANSWER Receptors throughout the body that send
signals to the autonomic nervous system to constrict or dilate blood vessels depending on
the fluid imbalance it may sense.
Electrolytes in fluid imbalances - ANSWER are used by the body to adjust fluid levels.
Intravenous fluids used by healthcare professionals rely on sodium concentrations to treat
conditions of fluid imbalance.
3 primary Hormones That Change Fluid Levels (fluid overload and dehydration) - AN-
SWER Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP
3
, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - ANSWER signals the kidneys to promote reabsorption of
water.
Aldosterone - ANSWER signals the kidneys for reabsorption of sodium ions and water.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) - ANSWER are se-
creted by the heart to assist with fluid level maintenance.
Hypovolemia - ANSWER low blood volume
Blood is lost due to hemorrhage and poor fluid intake.
Maldistribution of fluid - ANSWER Movement of fluid from one compartment to another
without a loss of fluid
Hypervolemia - ANSWER happens when too much fluid accumulates and/or organs in the
body are unable to manage or excrete this extra fluid.
Conditions that lead to fluid imbalance
Hypovolemia - ANSWER blood loss from external injury
dehydration
anemia
gastrointestinal bleeding
medications (diuretics, laxatives)
extensive burns
severe diarrhea and/or vomiting
Conditions that lead to fluid imbalance
4
