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Two main categories for alternative diagnostic tests related to
venous disease are? - ANSWER -1. Evaluation for possible
venous thrombosis or venous reflux.
2. Evaluation of a pulmonary embolism (PE).
What is a D-dimer test? - ANSWER -D-dimer is a protien
fragment produced when a blood clot dissolves in the body
and is normally undetectable, but it is measurable when a
clot is breaking down. With an increase of product
breakdown, the level of D-dimer in blood rises. -high level of
D-dimer suggests presence of thrombus.
What causes portal hypertension? - ANSWER -pathology of
portal vein, Small intrahepatic portal vein radicals, Hepatic
parenchyma, or the hepatic veins.
1. Cirrhosis
2. Cancer
3. Pancreatitis
4. Thrombosis
5. trauma
6. Advanced liver disease
,7. Severe congestive heart failure
8. Proximal venous obstruction (hepatic vein or IVC
obstruction)
Budd-chiari syndrome? - ANSWER -Results from hepatic vein
occlusion, causes vary with regard to primary site of
obstruction(hepatic vein level, sinusoids, or IVC)
Abnormal clinical findings for Budd-chiari syndrome?
- ANSWER -1.
hepatomegaly
2. Abdominal
pain
3. Sudden onset of
ascites
Capabilities of D-dimer test? - ANSWER --measurable product
of thrombolysis detected on a quantitative blood assey.
- can rule out thromboembolism if negative. If positive, has little
specificity but points out need for additional testing to
diagnose cause of hypercoagulability.
Limitations of D-dimer? - ANSWER --there are many different
methods/products to detect D-dimer in blood, causing wide
variation in results obtained.
-D-dimer may be elevated with pregnancy, liver disease, renal
disease, cancer, or any thrombotic process, including recent
surgery.
-lacks specificity and positive predictive value.
, Two types of contrast venography (phlebography) are?
- ANSWER -1.
Ascending
2.
Descending
Ascending venography is? - ANSWER -Image the veins from
distal to proximal
and detects venous abnormalities
including DVT.
Descending venography is? - ANSWER -Image the veins from
proximal to distal
and assess valve function and
venous reflux.
Capabilities of venography? - ANSWER --helps evaluation
of acute DVT.
-evaluates congenital venous disease and/or
anomalies.
-assists in evaluation of chronic
venous changes.
-can detect and quantify
reversed flow.
Limitations of venography? - ANSWER --highly technical in
technique and