Introduction
‘For tourism to occur there must be people who have the ability (both in terms of time and money),
the mobility, and the motivation to travel.’
Travel for ancient Egyptians
- For both business and pleasure
- Travel was necessary between the central government and the territories
- To accommodate travelers on official business, hospitality centers were built along major
routes and in the cities
- Public festivals
- Travel was also for curiosity – people visited the great tombs and temples of the pharaohs
(Pleasure) travel in Greek times
- Water was the most important means of moving commercial goods
- Religious events
- Sporting events
- To visit cities, especially Athens
Travel was advanced by two important developments:
1. A system of currency exchange was developed
2. The Greek language spread throughout the Mediterranean area, making it easier to
communicate as one traveled
Travel flourished in Roman times for five reasons:
The control of the large empire stimulated trade and led to the growth of a large middle class
with the money to travel
Roman coins were all the traveler had to carry to finance the trip
The means of transportation – roads and waterways – were excellent
Communication was relatively easy, as Greek and Latin were the principal languages
The legal system provided protection from foreign courts, thereby ensuring the safety of the
traveler
The Grand Tour brought about by the need to develop a class of professional statesmen and
ambassadors. Young men traveled with ambassadors over Europe to complete their education
- France – Italy – Germany – Switzerland – the Low Countries
Two major factors which affected the development of tourism (late eighteenth and early nineteenth
century). Increased industrialization accounted for both of them
The industrial revolution accelerated the movement from rural to urban areas; this produced
a large number of people in a relatively small area. The desire or motivation to escape, even
for a brief period, was there.
The development of steam engines in the form of trains and steamships, this allowed the
means of mobility to escape
Development of spa’s occurred because of three factors:
- The approval of the medical profession
- Court patronage
- Local entrepreneurship to take advantage of the first two
1
,‘Mass follows class’ – the idea that the masses are influenced in their choices of vacation spots by
people they consider influential
The term holiday coms from holy days – days for religious observances
After the Industrial Revolution, the religious holidays gradually became secularized, and the week’s
holiday emerged
The Industrial Revolution produced a class of wealthy people who had the time to travel, touring
became popular
Grand Tour in the United States
- Northern cities
- Historical sites (of the American Revolution and the Civil War)
- Resorts
End of the 1800s:
12-hour workday had been reduced to 10 hours
Vacations were beginning to be recognized
Travel within the reach of more people
In the 1960s travel was a right. A hedonistic attitude (pleasure for the sake of pleasure) increasingly
overtook the self-denial work ethic
Four emerging trends in the future of travel
1. Keep it local (energy, economy and environmental issues)
2. Alternative transport
3. Destination evolution (greener, sustainable, more local in their attraction)
4. New whys of travel
2
, Chapter 1 The destination mix
Destination mix: AFITH
Interdependent: Note that that a lack of one or more elements can be attractive for tourists. (not for
the mass)
Attractions
The central aspect of tourism are attractions. Two ideas:
- There are two universal attributes (climate and natural scenery)
- Additional factors unique to the destination, are recognized by tourists. (services,
transportation, hospitality)
Attractions can be characterized in terms of their scope, ownership, permanency and drawing power.
Scope:
Primary destination: attractive enough to be the primary motivation for tourism visits. (several days
or longer)
Secondary destination/stopover destination: necessary place to visit on the way to a primary
destination, satisfying visitors for one or two days.
Ownership:
Private: Profit making. Short-run profit maximization may be detrimental to the long-run success of
the attraction and tourism.
Public: Do not have tourism as a primary use of the land. Their outlooks will determine the degree to
which tourism and recreation are encouraged.
Nonprofit: oriented to some aspect of the social good. (great implications for tourism)
Permanency:
Site attraction: attractions of a physical nature, permanent.
Event attractions: short in duration, location can be changed.
Event attractions can be used to develop the site attractions.
Drawing power:
Attractions may be defined in terms of the distance from which they are able to draw people.
Attractions may be locally, statewide, regionally, nationally or internationally significant.
Attractions do not become attractions for the purpose of tourism until a certain amount of
development has occurred to make the natural resource accessible to and attractive for visitors.
Characteristics that attract tourist:
- Natural resources
- Climate
- Culture
- History
- Ethnicity
- Accessibility
Natural resources: excellent asset to sell to tourists. A protected area can be attractive because of its
name/label.
Two important points should be stressed when considering scenery.
3
‘For tourism to occur there must be people who have the ability (both in terms of time and money),
the mobility, and the motivation to travel.’
Travel for ancient Egyptians
- For both business and pleasure
- Travel was necessary between the central government and the territories
- To accommodate travelers on official business, hospitality centers were built along major
routes and in the cities
- Public festivals
- Travel was also for curiosity – people visited the great tombs and temples of the pharaohs
(Pleasure) travel in Greek times
- Water was the most important means of moving commercial goods
- Religious events
- Sporting events
- To visit cities, especially Athens
Travel was advanced by two important developments:
1. A system of currency exchange was developed
2. The Greek language spread throughout the Mediterranean area, making it easier to
communicate as one traveled
Travel flourished in Roman times for five reasons:
The control of the large empire stimulated trade and led to the growth of a large middle class
with the money to travel
Roman coins were all the traveler had to carry to finance the trip
The means of transportation – roads and waterways – were excellent
Communication was relatively easy, as Greek and Latin were the principal languages
The legal system provided protection from foreign courts, thereby ensuring the safety of the
traveler
The Grand Tour brought about by the need to develop a class of professional statesmen and
ambassadors. Young men traveled with ambassadors over Europe to complete their education
- France – Italy – Germany – Switzerland – the Low Countries
Two major factors which affected the development of tourism (late eighteenth and early nineteenth
century). Increased industrialization accounted for both of them
The industrial revolution accelerated the movement from rural to urban areas; this produced
a large number of people in a relatively small area. The desire or motivation to escape, even
for a brief period, was there.
The development of steam engines in the form of trains and steamships, this allowed the
means of mobility to escape
Development of spa’s occurred because of three factors:
- The approval of the medical profession
- Court patronage
- Local entrepreneurship to take advantage of the first two
1
,‘Mass follows class’ – the idea that the masses are influenced in their choices of vacation spots by
people they consider influential
The term holiday coms from holy days – days for religious observances
After the Industrial Revolution, the religious holidays gradually became secularized, and the week’s
holiday emerged
The Industrial Revolution produced a class of wealthy people who had the time to travel, touring
became popular
Grand Tour in the United States
- Northern cities
- Historical sites (of the American Revolution and the Civil War)
- Resorts
End of the 1800s:
12-hour workday had been reduced to 10 hours
Vacations were beginning to be recognized
Travel within the reach of more people
In the 1960s travel was a right. A hedonistic attitude (pleasure for the sake of pleasure) increasingly
overtook the self-denial work ethic
Four emerging trends in the future of travel
1. Keep it local (energy, economy and environmental issues)
2. Alternative transport
3. Destination evolution (greener, sustainable, more local in their attraction)
4. New whys of travel
2
, Chapter 1 The destination mix
Destination mix: AFITH
Interdependent: Note that that a lack of one or more elements can be attractive for tourists. (not for
the mass)
Attractions
The central aspect of tourism are attractions. Two ideas:
- There are two universal attributes (climate and natural scenery)
- Additional factors unique to the destination, are recognized by tourists. (services,
transportation, hospitality)
Attractions can be characterized in terms of their scope, ownership, permanency and drawing power.
Scope:
Primary destination: attractive enough to be the primary motivation for tourism visits. (several days
or longer)
Secondary destination/stopover destination: necessary place to visit on the way to a primary
destination, satisfying visitors for one or two days.
Ownership:
Private: Profit making. Short-run profit maximization may be detrimental to the long-run success of
the attraction and tourism.
Public: Do not have tourism as a primary use of the land. Their outlooks will determine the degree to
which tourism and recreation are encouraged.
Nonprofit: oriented to some aspect of the social good. (great implications for tourism)
Permanency:
Site attraction: attractions of a physical nature, permanent.
Event attractions: short in duration, location can be changed.
Event attractions can be used to develop the site attractions.
Drawing power:
Attractions may be defined in terms of the distance from which they are able to draw people.
Attractions may be locally, statewide, regionally, nationally or internationally significant.
Attractions do not become attractions for the purpose of tourism until a certain amount of
development has occurred to make the natural resource accessible to and attractive for visitors.
Characteristics that attract tourist:
- Natural resources
- Climate
- Culture
- History
- Ethnicity
- Accessibility
Natural resources: excellent asset to sell to tourists. A protected area can be attractive because of its
name/label.
Two important points should be stressed when considering scenery.
3
