BIOS242 FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY
WITH LAB EXAM 2 CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Structures in All Bacteria. Answer: Cell membrane, cytoplasm,
ribosomes, nucleoid
◉ Flagella. Answer: Used for movement; mono, lopho, amphi, peri
◉ Pili. Answer: Transfers DNA via conjugation; found in Gram-
negative
◉ Fimbriae. Answer: Stick to surfaces and other bacteria
◉ Glycocalyx. Answer: Sticky outer sugar coating; includes slime
layer and capsule
◉ Capsule. Answer: Thick, sticky layer that helps evade immune
system
, ◉ Gram-Positive Cell Wall. Answer: Thick peptidoglycan, teichoic
acids, stains purple
◉ Gram-Negative Cell Wall. Answer: Thin peptidoglycan, outer
membrane with LPS, stains pink
◉ LPS (Lipopolysaccharide). Answer: Endotoxin in Gram-negative
outer membrane
◉ Endospores. Answer: Dormant, resistant forms made by Bacillus
and Clostridium
◉ Diseases from Endospores. Answer: Anthrax, Tetanus, Botulism
◉ Prokaryotic Ribosome Size. Answer: 70S (smaller than eukaryotic
80S)
◉ Mycoplasma. Answer: Bacteria with no cell wall; variable shape
◉ Archaea vs Bacteria. Answer: Archaea lack peptidoglycan, live in
extremes, produce methane
◉ Protozoa. Answer: Always unicellular eukaryotes
WITH LAB EXAM 2 CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Structures in All Bacteria. Answer: Cell membrane, cytoplasm,
ribosomes, nucleoid
◉ Flagella. Answer: Used for movement; mono, lopho, amphi, peri
◉ Pili. Answer: Transfers DNA via conjugation; found in Gram-
negative
◉ Fimbriae. Answer: Stick to surfaces and other bacteria
◉ Glycocalyx. Answer: Sticky outer sugar coating; includes slime
layer and capsule
◉ Capsule. Answer: Thick, sticky layer that helps evade immune
system
, ◉ Gram-Positive Cell Wall. Answer: Thick peptidoglycan, teichoic
acids, stains purple
◉ Gram-Negative Cell Wall. Answer: Thin peptidoglycan, outer
membrane with LPS, stains pink
◉ LPS (Lipopolysaccharide). Answer: Endotoxin in Gram-negative
outer membrane
◉ Endospores. Answer: Dormant, resistant forms made by Bacillus
and Clostridium
◉ Diseases from Endospores. Answer: Anthrax, Tetanus, Botulism
◉ Prokaryotic Ribosome Size. Answer: 70S (smaller than eukaryotic
80S)
◉ Mycoplasma. Answer: Bacteria with no cell wall; variable shape
◉ Archaea vs Bacteria. Answer: Archaea lack peptidoglycan, live in
extremes, produce methane
◉ Protozoa. Answer: Always unicellular eukaryotes
