Brain Natriuretic Protein (BNP)
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Popular marker for congestive heart failure
- <100 pg/mL heart failure is unlikely
- 100-400 clinical judgment
- >400 heart failure likely
acute inflammation
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,Total nitrogen method
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sample oxidized and heated to convert nitrogen to nitric oxide. Mixed with
ozone, excited form of N dioxide. Decays and emits chemiluminescent light
with is measured. Purple = protein present
URIC ACID
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product of purine (A and G) nucleic acid catabolism
- transported in plasma from liver to kidney
- filtered by glomerulus, reabsorbed by prox tubules
- secreted by distal tubules
- remainder passes thru GI tract and is degraded by enzymes
- insoluble in plasma
- deposited in jointed and tissues
3 Methods based on measuring nitrogen conc for Urea
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1. Enzymatic method w/ urease
(Urea + 2H2O ---> 2NH4+ + CO3 2-
2. Color change pH indicator after NH4+ is made
3. Electrode measuring the rate or increase in conductivity (not affected by
, ammonia present)
- lots of NAD+ = lots of ammonia
Tophi
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painful inflammation of uric acid crystals
Electrophoresis
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add more H+ for net positive charge: Cation
add more OH- for net negative charge: Anion
Proteins in CSF abnormally increased
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Increased permeability of barrier thru which ultrafiltration occurs: brain
tumor, traumatic tap, intracerebral hemorrhage, meningitis
- compare CSF albumin to serum albumin
- Ratio of <9 = INTACT barrier
Beta microglobulin
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Give this one a try later!
Popular marker for congestive heart failure
- <100 pg/mL heart failure is unlikely
- 100-400 clinical judgment
- >400 heart failure likely
acute inflammation
Give this one a try later!
,Total nitrogen method
Give this one a try later!
sample oxidized and heated to convert nitrogen to nitric oxide. Mixed with
ozone, excited form of N dioxide. Decays and emits chemiluminescent light
with is measured. Purple = protein present
URIC ACID
Give this one a try later!
product of purine (A and G) nucleic acid catabolism
- transported in plasma from liver to kidney
- filtered by glomerulus, reabsorbed by prox tubules
- secreted by distal tubules
- remainder passes thru GI tract and is degraded by enzymes
- insoluble in plasma
- deposited in jointed and tissues
3 Methods based on measuring nitrogen conc for Urea
Give this one a try later!
1. Enzymatic method w/ urease
(Urea + 2H2O ---> 2NH4+ + CO3 2-
2. Color change pH indicator after NH4+ is made
3. Electrode measuring the rate or increase in conductivity (not affected by
, ammonia present)
- lots of NAD+ = lots of ammonia
Tophi
Give this one a try later!
painful inflammation of uric acid crystals
Electrophoresis
Give this one a try later!
add more H+ for net positive charge: Cation
add more OH- for net negative charge: Anion
Proteins in CSF abnormally increased
Give this one a try later!
Increased permeability of barrier thru which ultrafiltration occurs: brain
tumor, traumatic tap, intracerebral hemorrhage, meningitis
- compare CSF albumin to serum albumin
- Ratio of <9 = INTACT barrier
Beta microglobulin
Give this one a try later!
