NSG 6435 FINAL EXAM 2 2026 FINAL PAPER
SOLVED QUESTIONS FULL SOLUTION
◉ Bacterial causes of UTI. Answer: E. coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
P. aeruginosa
◉ UTI Symptoms. Answer: -pain/burning when urinating
-frequent urination
-kidney pain
◉ UTI symptoms in the elderly. Answer: Falls, changes in mental
status
◉ Asymptomatic bacteriuria. Answer: •Cloudy or malodorous urine
may be associated with bacteriuria
•Color and odor of urine can be influenced by ingestion of certain
foods, dehydration and other noninfectious factors
◉ UTI Diagnosis. Answer: UA:
,•Abnormal result: Leukocyte esterase, nitrites, white blood cells
•Hematuria is not a predictor for complicated infection and does not
alter the approach to therapy
•White blood cell casts in the urine, although rare, are indicative of
upper tract infection rather than simple cystitis
◉ Differential Diagnosis for UTI. Answer: •Vaginitis
•Urethritis
•Interstitial cystitis
•PID
•Epididymitis (men)
•Prostatitis (men)
◉ Complicated UTI. Answer: •Fever (>99.9°F/37.7°C), signs of
sepsis
•Chills, rigors, marked fatigue or malaise
•Flank pain or costovertebral angle tenderness
◉ UTI Treatments - Low Risk. Answer: Low risk patients:
,•Macrobid, Bactrim, fosfomycin, pivmecillinam
•Alternative: fluoroquinolone, Augmentin, cefpodoxime, cefdinir,
cefadroxil
◉ UTI Treatments - High risk. Answer: High risk patients:
*obtain culture
Outpatient management of complicated infection
+/-Following the dose of the parenteral agent, options include the
following:
•Cipro 500mg BID or 1000mg ER once daily or Levaquin 750mg
once daily 7 to 10 days
•Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole - one double-strength (160
mg/800 mg) tablet orally twice daily for 7 to 10 days
•Amoxicillin-clavulanate - 875 mg orally twice daily for 10 to 14
days
•Cefpodoxime - 200 mg orally twice daily for 10 to 14 days
•Cefdinir - 300 mg orally twice daily for 10 to 14 days
, •Cefadroxil - 1 g orally twice daily for 10 to 14 days
◉ Pyelonephritis. Answer: inflammation of the kidney and renal
pelvis
◉ Pyleonephritis - Who?. Answer: •In females: An elevated
incidence in girls aged 0-4 years, a peak in women 15-35 years of
age, and a gradual increase after age 50 years to another peak at 80
years of age.
◉ Pyelonephritis Symptoms. Answer: •Fever - This is not always
present, 103°F (39.4°C)
•Costovertebral angle pain
•Nausea and/or vomiting - Vary in frequency and intensity, from
absent to severe; anorexia is common in patients with acute
pyelonephritis
◉ Pyelonephritis - Clinical findings. Answer: Urinalysis can include
the following:
•Dipstick leukocyte esterase test (pyuria)
•Nitrite production
•Examination for hematuria (gross and microscopic) and
proteinuria
SOLVED QUESTIONS FULL SOLUTION
◉ Bacterial causes of UTI. Answer: E. coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
P. aeruginosa
◉ UTI Symptoms. Answer: -pain/burning when urinating
-frequent urination
-kidney pain
◉ UTI symptoms in the elderly. Answer: Falls, changes in mental
status
◉ Asymptomatic bacteriuria. Answer: •Cloudy or malodorous urine
may be associated with bacteriuria
•Color and odor of urine can be influenced by ingestion of certain
foods, dehydration and other noninfectious factors
◉ UTI Diagnosis. Answer: UA:
,•Abnormal result: Leukocyte esterase, nitrites, white blood cells
•Hematuria is not a predictor for complicated infection and does not
alter the approach to therapy
•White blood cell casts in the urine, although rare, are indicative of
upper tract infection rather than simple cystitis
◉ Differential Diagnosis for UTI. Answer: •Vaginitis
•Urethritis
•Interstitial cystitis
•PID
•Epididymitis (men)
•Prostatitis (men)
◉ Complicated UTI. Answer: •Fever (>99.9°F/37.7°C), signs of
sepsis
•Chills, rigors, marked fatigue or malaise
•Flank pain or costovertebral angle tenderness
◉ UTI Treatments - Low Risk. Answer: Low risk patients:
,•Macrobid, Bactrim, fosfomycin, pivmecillinam
•Alternative: fluoroquinolone, Augmentin, cefpodoxime, cefdinir,
cefadroxil
◉ UTI Treatments - High risk. Answer: High risk patients:
*obtain culture
Outpatient management of complicated infection
+/-Following the dose of the parenteral agent, options include the
following:
•Cipro 500mg BID or 1000mg ER once daily or Levaquin 750mg
once daily 7 to 10 days
•Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole - one double-strength (160
mg/800 mg) tablet orally twice daily for 7 to 10 days
•Amoxicillin-clavulanate - 875 mg orally twice daily for 10 to 14
days
•Cefpodoxime - 200 mg orally twice daily for 10 to 14 days
•Cefdinir - 300 mg orally twice daily for 10 to 14 days
, •Cefadroxil - 1 g orally twice daily for 10 to 14 days
◉ Pyelonephritis. Answer: inflammation of the kidney and renal
pelvis
◉ Pyleonephritis - Who?. Answer: •In females: An elevated
incidence in girls aged 0-4 years, a peak in women 15-35 years of
age, and a gradual increase after age 50 years to another peak at 80
years of age.
◉ Pyelonephritis Symptoms. Answer: •Fever - This is not always
present, 103°F (39.4°C)
•Costovertebral angle pain
•Nausea and/or vomiting - Vary in frequency and intensity, from
absent to severe; anorexia is common in patients with acute
pyelonephritis
◉ Pyelonephritis - Clinical findings. Answer: Urinalysis can include
the following:
•Dipstick leukocyte esterase test (pyuria)
•Nitrite production
•Examination for hematuria (gross and microscopic) and
proteinuria
