NURS 480 EXAM ELABORATION 2025/2026
UPDATE WITH COMPLETE QUESTION AND
ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED <RECENT
VERSION>
Indications for biologic valves - ANSWER pt unable to comply with
anticoagulant regimen
Long-term anticoagulation is contraindicated
women of childbearing age who plan to become pregnant
Advantages of biologic valves - ANSWER better hemodynamics
no hemolysis
low incidence of thromboembolism
decreased bleeding events
Advantages of mechanical valves - ANSWER good long-term durability
adequate hemodynamics
Disadvantages of mechanical valves - ANSWER -high risk for
thromboembolism - need long-term anticoagulation
-increased risk for anticoagulation r.t bleeding
, How does dialysis work? - ANSWER use of principles of osmosis and diffusion
to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood
Net filtration pressure/ultrafiltration - ANSWER process of removing fluid
across a semipermeable membrane in relation to forces created by osmotic and
hydrostatic pressures
What element of dialysis acts as the filtration system of the kidney? -
ANSWER dialyzer
Indications for dialysis - ANSWER -anuria secondary to acute injury/CKD\
-symptomatic pedal edema
-severe electrolyte disturbances
-uremic complications involving other organs
-sepsis
-drug/toxin overdose
contraindications for dialysis and adverse effects - ANSWER -pt with
coagulopathies, bc extracorporeal circuit needs to be heparinized
- difficult to perform in pt who is hypotensive, low CO, or are sensitive to abrupt
changes in volume status
-Hypotension is a common adverse effects
CRRT - ANSWER pts who need more than 3-4 hours of hemodialysis
,pts who are hemodynamically UNSTABLE because of slower blood rates and
amount of fluid is removed over longer period of time
hemodialysis vascular access - ANSWER AV fistula or graft
dual lumen catheter
CRRT access - ANSWER dual lumen venous catheter
risks of hemodialysis - ANSWER dialysis disequilibrium - HD, confusion, n,
seizures
hypovolemia
hypotension
HTN
muscle cramps
dysrhythmias and angina
digoxin patient education - ANSWER take radial pulse daily
do not take with milk
if missed dose, can take within 6 hours
albuterol - ANSWER bronchodilator
used for asthma/COPD
side effects:
- nervousness
, - headache
- throat or nasal irritation
- tachycardia
- palpitations
lidocaine - ANSWER anti-arrhythmic drug
used in treatment of ventricular arrhythmias (vfib & vtach)
atenolol - ANSWER blocks epinephrine
help widen veins to improve blood flow
slow heart rate
side effects:
- bradycardia
- hypotension
- fatigue
- nausea
do not use if there is hx of asthma
nitroglycerin - ANSWER vasodilator
used to provide relief from anginal pain
side effects:
UPDATE WITH COMPLETE QUESTION AND
ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED <RECENT
VERSION>
Indications for biologic valves - ANSWER pt unable to comply with
anticoagulant regimen
Long-term anticoagulation is contraindicated
women of childbearing age who plan to become pregnant
Advantages of biologic valves - ANSWER better hemodynamics
no hemolysis
low incidence of thromboembolism
decreased bleeding events
Advantages of mechanical valves - ANSWER good long-term durability
adequate hemodynamics
Disadvantages of mechanical valves - ANSWER -high risk for
thromboembolism - need long-term anticoagulation
-increased risk for anticoagulation r.t bleeding
, How does dialysis work? - ANSWER use of principles of osmosis and diffusion
to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood
Net filtration pressure/ultrafiltration - ANSWER process of removing fluid
across a semipermeable membrane in relation to forces created by osmotic and
hydrostatic pressures
What element of dialysis acts as the filtration system of the kidney? -
ANSWER dialyzer
Indications for dialysis - ANSWER -anuria secondary to acute injury/CKD\
-symptomatic pedal edema
-severe electrolyte disturbances
-uremic complications involving other organs
-sepsis
-drug/toxin overdose
contraindications for dialysis and adverse effects - ANSWER -pt with
coagulopathies, bc extracorporeal circuit needs to be heparinized
- difficult to perform in pt who is hypotensive, low CO, or are sensitive to abrupt
changes in volume status
-Hypotension is a common adverse effects
CRRT - ANSWER pts who need more than 3-4 hours of hemodialysis
,pts who are hemodynamically UNSTABLE because of slower blood rates and
amount of fluid is removed over longer period of time
hemodialysis vascular access - ANSWER AV fistula or graft
dual lumen catheter
CRRT access - ANSWER dual lumen venous catheter
risks of hemodialysis - ANSWER dialysis disequilibrium - HD, confusion, n,
seizures
hypovolemia
hypotension
HTN
muscle cramps
dysrhythmias and angina
digoxin patient education - ANSWER take radial pulse daily
do not take with milk
if missed dose, can take within 6 hours
albuterol - ANSWER bronchodilator
used for asthma/COPD
side effects:
- nervousness
, - headache
- throat or nasal irritation
- tachycardia
- palpitations
lidocaine - ANSWER anti-arrhythmic drug
used in treatment of ventricular arrhythmias (vfib & vtach)
atenolol - ANSWER blocks epinephrine
help widen veins to improve blood flow
slow heart rate
side effects:
- bradycardia
- hypotension
- fatigue
- nausea
do not use if there is hx of asthma
nitroglycerin - ANSWER vasodilator
used to provide relief from anginal pain
side effects:
