Name: Score:
20 Multiple choice questions
Term 1 of 20
Distinguish between open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and hip replacement surgery.
Biliary sludge is the result of bile stasis.
The components of bile become very concentrated in the gallbladder resulting in an
increased likelihood of precipitation.
Cholesterol is the most common component that precipitates however bilirubin salts
precipitate to form black and brown pigment stones
Osteoclasts breakdown older bone structure and secrete the release calcium into the
bloodstream.
Osteoblasts absorb calcium from the bloodstream and use it to build new bone
structure.
Working together, these two cell types allow for regeneration of damaged bone
structure.
Angina is classically defined as squeezing chest pain as a result of Acute Coronary
Syndrome, but some people, especially women, experience angina equivalents, such as
dyspnea, diaphoresis, feeling faint, dizziness, extreme fatigue, or heartburn.
Open reduction and internal fixation involves "surgical opening' and insertion of
hardware into the patient that assists with maintaining proper bone alignment during the
healing process.
Hip replacement involves replacement of a fractured hip joint with a prosthesis.
,Definition 2 of 20
Vitamin D: UV light stimulates formation of cholecalciferol, which is hydroxylated in the liver
and the kidney into the active form of Vitamin D, calcitriol.
Calcitriol stimulates absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the GI tract in the intestine
and phosphate in the kidney. Calcitriol increases the calcification of osteoid.
Calcitriol also stimulates the formation of bone by raising the levels of calcium and
phosphorus in the blood. Low vitamin D levels can cause hypocalcemia, which stimulates the
parathyroid gland to release parathyroid hormone (PTH).
PTH stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone calcium to increase blood calcium levels. PTH also
stimulates osteoblasts to form bone. PTH stimulates kidneys to reabsorb calcium into the
blood and to synthesize vitamin D.
When blood calcium gets too high, the thyroid is stimulated to release calcitonin (suppresses
osteoclast activity and calcium will be used to form bone).
Describe how calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, and calcitriol (Vitamin D) work together
to maintain normal blood calcium levels.
Explain how treatment of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS) with
rehydration and insulin can cause serum hypokalemia.
Describe the negative feedback loop utilized by the endocrine system with an example
of a marathon runner
Describe at least 3 problems observed throughout the body as a result of End Stage
Renal Disease (ESRD) and why this problem is caused by poor kidney function.
What are the two treatments for ESRD?
, Definition 3 of 20
After endothelial cells are injured, white blood cells are recruited to the site of injury. These
become incorporated into the tunica media.
The white blood cells differentiate into macrophages, which engulf LDLs. As the macrophages
process the LDLs, they release cholesterol into their cytoplasm, becoming foam cells.
As the foam cells go through apoptosis, the release inflammatory signals, resulting in further
foam cell formation.
The end result of this is fatty streaks in the blood vessel and reduced capacity for vasodilation.
These plaques can rupture and cause occlusion of the vessel
How does the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) result in increased blood
volume and increased blood pressure?
Does left ventricular failure (LVF) exhibit backward effects, forward effects, or both?
Briefly explain what happens
Differentiate between atelectasis and hypoxia.
How are these similar and what are key differences?
Please briefly explain the series of events that bring about atherosclerosis when cells
are injured.
20 Multiple choice questions
Term 1 of 20
Distinguish between open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and hip replacement surgery.
Biliary sludge is the result of bile stasis.
The components of bile become very concentrated in the gallbladder resulting in an
increased likelihood of precipitation.
Cholesterol is the most common component that precipitates however bilirubin salts
precipitate to form black and brown pigment stones
Osteoclasts breakdown older bone structure and secrete the release calcium into the
bloodstream.
Osteoblasts absorb calcium from the bloodstream and use it to build new bone
structure.
Working together, these two cell types allow for regeneration of damaged bone
structure.
Angina is classically defined as squeezing chest pain as a result of Acute Coronary
Syndrome, but some people, especially women, experience angina equivalents, such as
dyspnea, diaphoresis, feeling faint, dizziness, extreme fatigue, or heartburn.
Open reduction and internal fixation involves "surgical opening' and insertion of
hardware into the patient that assists with maintaining proper bone alignment during the
healing process.
Hip replacement involves replacement of a fractured hip joint with a prosthesis.
,Definition 2 of 20
Vitamin D: UV light stimulates formation of cholecalciferol, which is hydroxylated in the liver
and the kidney into the active form of Vitamin D, calcitriol.
Calcitriol stimulates absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the GI tract in the intestine
and phosphate in the kidney. Calcitriol increases the calcification of osteoid.
Calcitriol also stimulates the formation of bone by raising the levels of calcium and
phosphorus in the blood. Low vitamin D levels can cause hypocalcemia, which stimulates the
parathyroid gland to release parathyroid hormone (PTH).
PTH stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone calcium to increase blood calcium levels. PTH also
stimulates osteoblasts to form bone. PTH stimulates kidneys to reabsorb calcium into the
blood and to synthesize vitamin D.
When blood calcium gets too high, the thyroid is stimulated to release calcitonin (suppresses
osteoclast activity and calcium will be used to form bone).
Describe how calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, and calcitriol (Vitamin D) work together
to maintain normal blood calcium levels.
Explain how treatment of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS) with
rehydration and insulin can cause serum hypokalemia.
Describe the negative feedback loop utilized by the endocrine system with an example
of a marathon runner
Describe at least 3 problems observed throughout the body as a result of End Stage
Renal Disease (ESRD) and why this problem is caused by poor kidney function.
What are the two treatments for ESRD?
, Definition 3 of 20
After endothelial cells are injured, white blood cells are recruited to the site of injury. These
become incorporated into the tunica media.
The white blood cells differentiate into macrophages, which engulf LDLs. As the macrophages
process the LDLs, they release cholesterol into their cytoplasm, becoming foam cells.
As the foam cells go through apoptosis, the release inflammatory signals, resulting in further
foam cell formation.
The end result of this is fatty streaks in the blood vessel and reduced capacity for vasodilation.
These plaques can rupture and cause occlusion of the vessel
How does the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) result in increased blood
volume and increased blood pressure?
Does left ventricular failure (LVF) exhibit backward effects, forward effects, or both?
Briefly explain what happens
Differentiate between atelectasis and hypoxia.
How are these similar and what are key differences?
Please briefly explain the series of events that bring about atherosclerosis when cells
are injured.
