PORTAGE LEARNING MICROBIOLOGY EXAM ELABORATION 2025/2026 UPDATE WITH A COMPLETE QUESTION AND ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED RECENT VERSION

PORTAGE LEARNING MICROBIOLOGY EXAM ELABORATION 2025/2026 UPDATE WITH A COMPLETE QUESTION AND ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED RECENT VERSION Viruses - ANSWER are not living and replicate in a host cell (not on their own). Have no metabolism and are dormant outside of a host cell. Takes up neither energy nor nutrients. They are not cellular. Contain a capsid that contains genetic material has a viral envelope that surrounds the capsid chloroplasts - ANSWER double membrane-enclosed organelles specific to algae and plants contain chlorophyll Do animal cells contain chloroplasts? - ANSWER no Where does photosynthesis occur - ANSWER chloroplasts What pigment do chloroplasts contain? - ANSWER chlorophyll endoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER a series of membrane-enclosed sacs and interconnected tubes (lumen) that are continuous with the nuclear membrane types of endoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER smooth endoplasmic reticulum (cell components being produced, lipids or fats or phospholipids produced here and shipped via endomembrane system + where calcium ions are stored and can metabolize carbs) and rough endoplasmic reticulum (where translation is taking place - RNA being made into proteins) ribosomes - ANSWER not an organelle made of rRNA responsible for protein synthesis; located in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells and found attached to the ER in eukaryotic cells nucleolus - ANSWER in the nucleus and is the site of ribosome synthesis Why is it important to know the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? - ANSWER can help us to identify, diagnose, and treat the diseases that are caused by prokaryotic cells characteristics of life - ANSWER responsiveness, grow, reproduce, metabolism, homeostasis, organization (all cells take atoms and make molecules with them) Responsiveness - ANSWER can react to changing stimuli in the environment by altering its behavior metabolism - ANSWER the ability to take in or produce nutrients for survival - breaking down nutrients they take in or make into basic parts Diversity in cells - ANSWER different structures & functions; shapes, sizes, nutritional requirements, aerobic or anaerobic, movement, behavior, temperatures of hot or cold, pressure aerobic vs anaerobic - ANSWER Aerobic means "with oxygen," and anaerobic means "without oxygen." uniformity in cells - ANSWER basic chemistry - macromolecules DNA to RNA to proteins is the same for all cells all descended from a previous cell central dogma of biology - ANSWER there is genetic information (DNA) that is transcribed to RNA and translated into proteins prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells - ANSWER Prokaryotic cells are smaller, unicellular, simple, most abundant, have no nucleus, have DNA in a plasmid (circular), have a cell wall (helps deal with changes in osmotic pressure, and can have appendages or extensions organelles in eukaryotic cells, large, complex, single or unicellular or multicellular, have a nucleus All have cytosol, chromosomes, the same macromolecules, ribosomes, glycocalyx - ANSWER sugar protein coding that acts as a gel coating around the cell flagella - ANSWER a cell attachment that gives bacteria the ability for locomotion long whip-like extension fimbriae - ANSWER short hairs that arise from the cell wall and can cover the bacterium. function in attachment and not locomotion 4 basic morphological categories of prokaryotic cells - ANSWER spirilla, vibrio cocci - ANSWER spherical or ball-shaped cells Bacilli - ANSWER rod-shaped Multiple bacteria are called - ANSWER chains spirilla - ANSWER helical or corkscrew-shaped structure cocci, bacilli, Where is genetic material found is prokaryotic cells? - ANSWER cytoplasm cytoplasm - ANSWER open volume within the cell, comprised mostly of water containing dissolved substances important to cell function organelles - ANSWER functions membrane-enclosed structures that perform specific