CLA 210 NCSU EXAM 1 HEINEN FINAL SCRIPT
2026 COMPLETE SOLUTION SET
◉ ionic bond. Answer: chemical bond resulting from the attraction
b/n oppositely charged ions
- extreme differences in electronegativity
(ex. NaCl -- Cl- takes extra electron from Na+)
◉ ions. Answer: positively/negatively charged atoms
(ex. H+)
◉ hydrogen bond. Answer: chemical bond resulting from the
interaction b/n a Hydrogen atom (H+) w/ a slight positive charge &
an electronegative atom of another molecule
(ex. water)
◉ electronegativity. Answer: ability of atoms to attract electrons
- increases across a row in PT
- electrons held more tightly as # protons increase
◉ 3 unusual properties of water. Answer: 1. polar molecule --> good
solvent
,2. resistant to temperature change
3. forms hydrogen bonds
◉ how do hydrogen bonds contribute to the unique qualities of
water?. Answer: cohesion --> water molecules stick together
(surface tension)
- water movement in plants
- more hydrogen bonds in ice (less dense) than liquid water --> ice
floats (lakes freeze to protect fish, polar bears use ice as hunting
platforms)
◉ hydrophillic. Answer: "water-loving"
- positive & negative charge
- polar
◉ hydrophobic. Answer: "water-fearing"
- no positive & negative charge (neutral)
- nonpolar
◉ hydrophobic effect. Answer: exclusion of nonpolar molecules by
polar molecules--tendency of nonpolar molecules to self-associate in
water rather than dissolve individually
(ex. cell membranes, folding of proteins)
, ◉ 3 features of carbon that allow it to form diverse structures.
Answer: - form 4 covalent bonds
- form a tetrahedron
- form double bonds
◉ isomer. Answer: molecules w/ the same formula but different
structures
◉ isotope. Answer: atoms of the same element but different # of
neutrons
◉ how is a limited # of chemicals able to generate so much
biodiversity & essential functions of life. Answer:
◉ polymer. Answer: complex organic molecule made up of simple
repeating units connected by covalent bonds
(ex. DNA, RNA, nucleic acid)
◉ monomer. Answer: small chemical unit that makes up a polymer
(ex. nucleotide)
2026 COMPLETE SOLUTION SET
◉ ionic bond. Answer: chemical bond resulting from the attraction
b/n oppositely charged ions
- extreme differences in electronegativity
(ex. NaCl -- Cl- takes extra electron from Na+)
◉ ions. Answer: positively/negatively charged atoms
(ex. H+)
◉ hydrogen bond. Answer: chemical bond resulting from the
interaction b/n a Hydrogen atom (H+) w/ a slight positive charge &
an electronegative atom of another molecule
(ex. water)
◉ electronegativity. Answer: ability of atoms to attract electrons
- increases across a row in PT
- electrons held more tightly as # protons increase
◉ 3 unusual properties of water. Answer: 1. polar molecule --> good
solvent
,2. resistant to temperature change
3. forms hydrogen bonds
◉ how do hydrogen bonds contribute to the unique qualities of
water?. Answer: cohesion --> water molecules stick together
(surface tension)
- water movement in plants
- more hydrogen bonds in ice (less dense) than liquid water --> ice
floats (lakes freeze to protect fish, polar bears use ice as hunting
platforms)
◉ hydrophillic. Answer: "water-loving"
- positive & negative charge
- polar
◉ hydrophobic. Answer: "water-fearing"
- no positive & negative charge (neutral)
- nonpolar
◉ hydrophobic effect. Answer: exclusion of nonpolar molecules by
polar molecules--tendency of nonpolar molecules to self-associate in
water rather than dissolve individually
(ex. cell membranes, folding of proteins)
, ◉ 3 features of carbon that allow it to form diverse structures.
Answer: - form 4 covalent bonds
- form a tetrahedron
- form double bonds
◉ isomer. Answer: molecules w/ the same formula but different
structures
◉ isotope. Answer: atoms of the same element but different # of
neutrons
◉ how is a limited # of chemicals able to generate so much
biodiversity & essential functions of life. Answer:
◉ polymer. Answer: complex organic molecule made up of simple
repeating units connected by covalent bonds
(ex. DNA, RNA, nucleic acid)
◉ monomer. Answer: small chemical unit that makes up a polymer
(ex. nucleotide)
