NRS 3015 exam 1 Questions and
Already Passed Solutions 2026
Update.
glands that secrete hormones into the circulatory system - Answer hypothalamus, pituitary,
thyroid, parathyroid
islet cells of the pancreas
adrenal glands
testes and ovaries
hypothalamus function - Answer water balance/bp/temp regulation/hunger/thirst/sex
hormones secreted either stimulate or inhibit production of hormones by the pituitary.
growth releasing hormone, thyrotoxin (TRH), corticotropin(CRH), gonadotropin (GnRH),
antidiuretic hormone(ADH), oxytocin
pituitary function - Answer controls growth, reproduction, and metabolism
posterior and anterior
anterior: growth hormone(GH), thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH), adrenocorticotropic
hormone(ACTH)
Lutenizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
posterior: antidiuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin
thyroid gland - Answer stimulated by hypothalamus and pituitary
hypothalamus secretes TRH and pituitary secretes TSH
stimulates follicular cells of thyroid to produce thyroxine(T4) and triidothyroixine T3
pancreas - Answer beta cells of the islets produce insulin and amylin
insulin - Answer released when rise in glucose
,inhibits break down of fat and release of glucose by liver
amylin - Answer slows glucose absorption in small intestine; suppresses glucagon secretion;
slows gastric emptying
makes you feel full
diabetes - Answer type 1: beta cells do not produce insulin
type 2: inadequate secretion of insulin; muscle liver cells become insulin resistant
adrenal glands - Answer produce cortico steroid hormones
cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen
adrenal medulla releases epinepherin; norepinepherin in response to sympathetic nervous
system
oral hypoglycemics - Answer - sulfonylureas
- alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
- Biguanide
- Thiazolidinediones
- Meglitinides
Sulfonylureas - Answer glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride
stimulate release of insulin
side effects: hypoglycemia, nausea, diarrhea
30 min before meal once daily
caution if pregnant/ breastfeeding, have hepatic dysfunction, adrenal/ pituitary deficiency
interact with alcohol(inc hypoglycemic effects), beta blocker(mask hypoglycemia)
, Meglitinides - Answer Repaglinide (Prandin); Nateglinide (Starlix)
stimulates release of insulin
side effects: hypoglycemia(impaired liver), nausea/vomiting
30 min before meal 3x daily no more than 4
no meal no dose
cautions: DKA secondary to high blood glucose, repaglinide w older adults w/ renal/hepatic
issues, endocrine, kidney, liver problems(AVOID)
interact with alcohol, NSAIDS, loop diuretics, anabolic steroids, gemfibrozil(Lopid),
erythromycin, chloramphenicol,( alcohol, corticosteroids, Rifadin)-dec hypoglycemic effects
diaphoresis - Answer profuse sweating
when to administer carbs with oral antidiabetic medication - Answer 2-3 tsp sugar, orange
juice, honey/ corn syrup in water, oral glucose tablets
if unconscious , IV glucose (D50W) parenteral glucose
check glucose every 15 min till no loner symptomatic and monitor CBCs
hypoglycemia, diaphoresis, tachycardia, fatigue, hunger, tremor
Biguanides - Answer Metformin (Glucophage)-most common
dec glucose absorption, dec glucose syn, inc receptor sensitivity
side effects: nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, ,metallic taste, lactic acidosis( uptake of lactate by liver
comp when renal function impaired), B12 deficiency, folic acid defficiency
interventions: stop if acidosis occurs, monitor intake & output, discontinue for surgery/
procedures requiring IV
Already Passed Solutions 2026
Update.
glands that secrete hormones into the circulatory system - Answer hypothalamus, pituitary,
thyroid, parathyroid
islet cells of the pancreas
adrenal glands
testes and ovaries
hypothalamus function - Answer water balance/bp/temp regulation/hunger/thirst/sex
hormones secreted either stimulate or inhibit production of hormones by the pituitary.
growth releasing hormone, thyrotoxin (TRH), corticotropin(CRH), gonadotropin (GnRH),
antidiuretic hormone(ADH), oxytocin
pituitary function - Answer controls growth, reproduction, and metabolism
posterior and anterior
anterior: growth hormone(GH), thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH), adrenocorticotropic
hormone(ACTH)
Lutenizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
posterior: antidiuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin
thyroid gland - Answer stimulated by hypothalamus and pituitary
hypothalamus secretes TRH and pituitary secretes TSH
stimulates follicular cells of thyroid to produce thyroxine(T4) and triidothyroixine T3
pancreas - Answer beta cells of the islets produce insulin and amylin
insulin - Answer released when rise in glucose
,inhibits break down of fat and release of glucose by liver
amylin - Answer slows glucose absorption in small intestine; suppresses glucagon secretion;
slows gastric emptying
makes you feel full
diabetes - Answer type 1: beta cells do not produce insulin
type 2: inadequate secretion of insulin; muscle liver cells become insulin resistant
adrenal glands - Answer produce cortico steroid hormones
cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen
adrenal medulla releases epinepherin; norepinepherin in response to sympathetic nervous
system
oral hypoglycemics - Answer - sulfonylureas
- alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
- Biguanide
- Thiazolidinediones
- Meglitinides
Sulfonylureas - Answer glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride
stimulate release of insulin
side effects: hypoglycemia, nausea, diarrhea
30 min before meal once daily
caution if pregnant/ breastfeeding, have hepatic dysfunction, adrenal/ pituitary deficiency
interact with alcohol(inc hypoglycemic effects), beta blocker(mask hypoglycemia)
, Meglitinides - Answer Repaglinide (Prandin); Nateglinide (Starlix)
stimulates release of insulin
side effects: hypoglycemia(impaired liver), nausea/vomiting
30 min before meal 3x daily no more than 4
no meal no dose
cautions: DKA secondary to high blood glucose, repaglinide w older adults w/ renal/hepatic
issues, endocrine, kidney, liver problems(AVOID)
interact with alcohol, NSAIDS, loop diuretics, anabolic steroids, gemfibrozil(Lopid),
erythromycin, chloramphenicol,( alcohol, corticosteroids, Rifadin)-dec hypoglycemic effects
diaphoresis - Answer profuse sweating
when to administer carbs with oral antidiabetic medication - Answer 2-3 tsp sugar, orange
juice, honey/ corn syrup in water, oral glucose tablets
if unconscious , IV glucose (D50W) parenteral glucose
check glucose every 15 min till no loner symptomatic and monitor CBCs
hypoglycemia, diaphoresis, tachycardia, fatigue, hunger, tremor
Biguanides - Answer Metformin (Glucophage)-most common
dec glucose absorption, dec glucose syn, inc receptor sensitivity
side effects: nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, ,metallic taste, lactic acidosis( uptake of lactate by liver
comp when renal function impaired), B12 deficiency, folic acid defficiency
interventions: stop if acidosis occurs, monitor intake & output, discontinue for surgery/
procedures requiring IV
