NSG 3280 (NSG3280) FINAL EXAM
ELABORATION 2025/2026 UPDATE |
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED
Cell's control center - ANSWER Nucleus
Produces energy for cells to use by breaking down substances during oxidative
metabolism. - ANSWER Mitochondrion
Communicating Hydrocephalus - ANSWER Type of hydrocephalus where CSF
can flow between ventricles.
Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) - ANSWER Type of hydrocephalus
characterized by a triad of symptoms.
NPH triad - ANSWER Gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, dementia.
Treatment for Hydrocephalus - ANSWER Ventriculoperitoneal shunt and
endoscopic third ventriculostomy.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) - ANSWER Autoimmune demyelinating CNS
disorder.
,Optic neuritis - ANSWER A symptom of Multiple Sclerosis.
Diplopia - ANSWER A symptom of Multiple Sclerosis.
Weakness - ANSWER A symptom of Multiple Sclerosis.
Spasticity - ANSWER A symptom of Multiple Sclerosis.
What is dementia? - ANSWER Dementia is a syndrome of progressive cognitive
decline that affects memory, judgment, abstract thinking, language, and
personality.
What are the neurodegenerative causes of dementia? -
ANSWER Neurodegenerative causes of dementia include Alzheimer's disease,
Parkinson's disease dementia, Lewy body dementia, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS).
What are the non-neurodegenerative causes of dementia? - ANSWER Non-
neurodegenerative causes of dementia include vascular dementia, normal pressure
hydrocephalus (NPH), metabolic disorders, depression, neoplasia, infections, and
vitamin deficiencies.
What is Alzheimer's disease? - ANSWER Alzheimer's disease is the most
common cause of dementia, characterized by progressive memory loss and
cognitive decline.
,What is vascular dementia? - ANSWER Vascular dementia is a type of
dementia caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, often due to strokes or other
vascular issues.
What are the two hallmarks of Alzheimer's Disease? - ANSWER β-amyloid
plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (tau protein)
What is the mechanism leading to β-amyloid plaque formation? -
ANSWER APP is cleaved by β- and γ-secretase, resulting in Aβ42, which is
neurotoxic.
Where do β-amyloid plaques form in the brain? - ANSWER Extracellularly.
What contributes to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles? - ANSWER Tau
hyperphosphorylation.
List three risk factors for developing Alzheimer's Disease. - ANSWER Age,
family history, and APOE4.
What are the early clinical manifestations of Alzheimer's Disease? -
ANSWER Short-term memory loss and word-finding difficulty.
What is one of the diagnostic methods for Alzheimer's Disease? -
ANSWER CT/MRI imaging.
, What type of medications are used to treat Alzheimer's Disease? -
ANSWER AChE inhibitors (e.g., Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine) and
NMDA antagonist (Memantine).
Vascular Dementia - ANSWER From infarcts.
Risk factors for Vascular Dementia - ANSWER HTN, Stroke, Diabetes
Management of Vascular Dementia - ANSWER Control cardiovascular risk.
Etiology of Parkinson's Disease - ANSWER Idiopathic (most common);
Secondary: drugs, toxins
Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease - ANSWER Loss of dopaminergic neurons
in substantia nigra; ↓ dopamine in basal ganglia; Lewy bodies (α-synuclein); 75-
80% neurons lost before symptoms.
Clinical Manifestations of Parkinson's Disease - ANSWER Bradykinesia,
Resting tremor (pill-rolling), Rigidity, Postural instability, Mask-like face,
Shuffling gait, Micrographia, Dysphagia, Autonomic dysfunction
Treatment options for Parkinson's disease - ANSWER Levodopa + Carbidopa,
Dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, Amantadine, Deep brain stimulation
Cure status for Parkinson's disease - ANSWER No cure.
ELABORATION 2025/2026 UPDATE |
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED
Cell's control center - ANSWER Nucleus
Produces energy for cells to use by breaking down substances during oxidative
metabolism. - ANSWER Mitochondrion
Communicating Hydrocephalus - ANSWER Type of hydrocephalus where CSF
can flow between ventricles.
Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) - ANSWER Type of hydrocephalus
characterized by a triad of symptoms.
NPH triad - ANSWER Gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, dementia.
Treatment for Hydrocephalus - ANSWER Ventriculoperitoneal shunt and
endoscopic third ventriculostomy.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) - ANSWER Autoimmune demyelinating CNS
disorder.
,Optic neuritis - ANSWER A symptom of Multiple Sclerosis.
Diplopia - ANSWER A symptom of Multiple Sclerosis.
Weakness - ANSWER A symptom of Multiple Sclerosis.
Spasticity - ANSWER A symptom of Multiple Sclerosis.
What is dementia? - ANSWER Dementia is a syndrome of progressive cognitive
decline that affects memory, judgment, abstract thinking, language, and
personality.
What are the neurodegenerative causes of dementia? -
ANSWER Neurodegenerative causes of dementia include Alzheimer's disease,
Parkinson's disease dementia, Lewy body dementia, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS).
What are the non-neurodegenerative causes of dementia? - ANSWER Non-
neurodegenerative causes of dementia include vascular dementia, normal pressure
hydrocephalus (NPH), metabolic disorders, depression, neoplasia, infections, and
vitamin deficiencies.
What is Alzheimer's disease? - ANSWER Alzheimer's disease is the most
common cause of dementia, characterized by progressive memory loss and
cognitive decline.
,What is vascular dementia? - ANSWER Vascular dementia is a type of
dementia caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, often due to strokes or other
vascular issues.
What are the two hallmarks of Alzheimer's Disease? - ANSWER β-amyloid
plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (tau protein)
What is the mechanism leading to β-amyloid plaque formation? -
ANSWER APP is cleaved by β- and γ-secretase, resulting in Aβ42, which is
neurotoxic.
Where do β-amyloid plaques form in the brain? - ANSWER Extracellularly.
What contributes to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles? - ANSWER Tau
hyperphosphorylation.
List three risk factors for developing Alzheimer's Disease. - ANSWER Age,
family history, and APOE4.
What are the early clinical manifestations of Alzheimer's Disease? -
ANSWER Short-term memory loss and word-finding difficulty.
What is one of the diagnostic methods for Alzheimer's Disease? -
ANSWER CT/MRI imaging.
, What type of medications are used to treat Alzheimer's Disease? -
ANSWER AChE inhibitors (e.g., Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine) and
NMDA antagonist (Memantine).
Vascular Dementia - ANSWER From infarcts.
Risk factors for Vascular Dementia - ANSWER HTN, Stroke, Diabetes
Management of Vascular Dementia - ANSWER Control cardiovascular risk.
Etiology of Parkinson's Disease - ANSWER Idiopathic (most common);
Secondary: drugs, toxins
Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease - ANSWER Loss of dopaminergic neurons
in substantia nigra; ↓ dopamine in basal ganglia; Lewy bodies (α-synuclein); 75-
80% neurons lost before symptoms.
Clinical Manifestations of Parkinson's Disease - ANSWER Bradykinesia,
Resting tremor (pill-rolling), Rigidity, Postural instability, Mask-like face,
Shuffling gait, Micrographia, Dysphagia, Autonomic dysfunction
Treatment options for Parkinson's disease - ANSWER Levodopa + Carbidopa,
Dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, Amantadine, Deep brain stimulation
Cure status for Parkinson's disease - ANSWER No cure.
