BIO 235 FINAL EXAM ELABORATION
2025/2026 | COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS 100%
VERIFIED
Urethra - ANSWER small tube leading from the internal urethral orifice in the
floor of the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body.
Female urethra - ANSWER In both males and females, the urethra is the
terminal portion of the urinary system and the passageway for discharging urine
from the body.
Male urethra - ANSWER first passes through the prostate, then through the
deep muscles of the perineum, and finally through the penis, a distance of about 20
cm. Also consists of a deep mucosa and a superficial muscularis and is subdivided
into three anatomical regions:
1. prostatic urethra: passes through the prostate.
2. membranous urethra: the shortest portion, passes through the deep muscles of
the perineum.
3. spongy urethra: the longest portion, passes through the penis.
Waste management in other body systems - ANSWER 1. body buffers
2. Blood
,3. Liver
4. Lungs
5. Sweat
6. Gastrointestinal tract
Body buffers - ANSWER Buffers in body fluids bind excess hydrogen ions (H),
thereby preventing an increase in the acidity of body fluids. Buffers, like
wastebaskets, have a limited capacity; eventually, the H, like the paper in a
wastebasket, must be eliminated from the body by excretion.
Blood - ANSWER The bloodstream provides pickup and delivery services for
the transport of wastes, in much the same way that garbage trucks and sewer lines
serve a community.
Liver - ANSWER The liver is the primary site for metabolic recycling, as
occurs, for example, in the conversion of amino acids into glucose or of glucose
into fatty acids. The liver also converts toxic substances into less toxic ones, such
as ammonia into urea.
Lungs - ANSWER With each exhalation, the lungs excrete CO2 and expel heat
and a little water vapor.
Sweat (sudoriferous) glands - ANSWER Especially during exercise, sweat
glands in the skin help eliminate excess heat, water, and CO2, plus small quantities
of salts and urea as well.
, Gastrointestinal tract - ANSWER Through defecation, the gastrointestinal tract
excretes solid, undigested foods; wastes; some CO2; water; salts; and heat.
respiratory zone - ANSWER consists of tubes and tissues within the lungs
where gas exchange occurs.
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli and are the main
sites of gas exchange between air and blood.
external nares or nostrils - ANSWER two openings on the undersurface of the
external nose
internal nares or choanae - ANSWER two openings through which the nasal
cavity communicates with the pharynx posteriorly.
nasal cavity - ANSWER large space in the anterior aspect of the skull that lies
inferior to the nasal bone and superior to the oral cavity; it is lined with muscle and
mucous membrane.
vestibule - ANSWER anterior portion of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils.
Surrounded by cartilage.
nasal septum - ANSWER vertical partition that divides the nasal cavity into
right and left sides. The anterior portion consists primarily of hyaline cartilage; the
remainder is formed by the vomer, perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, maxillae,
and palatine bones.
, superior, middle, and inferior meatuses - ANSWER series of groove-like air
passageways that subdivide each side of the nasal cavity. Arrangement of conchae
increases surface area in the internal nose and prevents dehydration by trapping
water droplets during exhalation.
olfactory epithelium - ANSWER olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, and
basal cells that lie in the respiratory region, which is near the superior nasal
conchae and adjacent septum. It contains cilia but no goblet cells.
pharynx - ANSWER funnel-shaped tube that starts at the internal nares and
extends to the level of the cricoid cartilage, the most inferior cartilage of the
larynx. Functions as a passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber
for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils, which participate in immunological
reactions against foreign invaders.
nasopharynx - ANSWER superior portion of the pharynx. Lies posterior to the
nasal cavity and extends to the soft palate. Receives air from the nasal cavity along
with packages of dust-laden mucus through the internal nares. Lined with
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, the cilia move the mucus down
toward the most inferior part of the pharynx. Also exchanges small amounts of air
with the auditory tubes to equalize air pressure between the middle ear and the
atmosphere.
soft palate - ANSWER arch-shaped muscular partition between the
nasopharynx and oropharynx that is lined by mucous membrane. Forms the
posterior portion of the roof of the mouth. There are five openings in its wall: two
internal nares, two openings that lead into the auditory (pharyngotympanic) tubes
(commonly known as the eustachian tubes), and the opening into the oropharynx.
2025/2026 | COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS 100%
VERIFIED
Urethra - ANSWER small tube leading from the internal urethral orifice in the
floor of the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body.
Female urethra - ANSWER In both males and females, the urethra is the
terminal portion of the urinary system and the passageway for discharging urine
from the body.
Male urethra - ANSWER first passes through the prostate, then through the
deep muscles of the perineum, and finally through the penis, a distance of about 20
cm. Also consists of a deep mucosa and a superficial muscularis and is subdivided
into three anatomical regions:
1. prostatic urethra: passes through the prostate.
2. membranous urethra: the shortest portion, passes through the deep muscles of
the perineum.
3. spongy urethra: the longest portion, passes through the penis.
Waste management in other body systems - ANSWER 1. body buffers
2. Blood
,3. Liver
4. Lungs
5. Sweat
6. Gastrointestinal tract
Body buffers - ANSWER Buffers in body fluids bind excess hydrogen ions (H),
thereby preventing an increase in the acidity of body fluids. Buffers, like
wastebaskets, have a limited capacity; eventually, the H, like the paper in a
wastebasket, must be eliminated from the body by excretion.
Blood - ANSWER The bloodstream provides pickup and delivery services for
the transport of wastes, in much the same way that garbage trucks and sewer lines
serve a community.
Liver - ANSWER The liver is the primary site for metabolic recycling, as
occurs, for example, in the conversion of amino acids into glucose or of glucose
into fatty acids. The liver also converts toxic substances into less toxic ones, such
as ammonia into urea.
Lungs - ANSWER With each exhalation, the lungs excrete CO2 and expel heat
and a little water vapor.
Sweat (sudoriferous) glands - ANSWER Especially during exercise, sweat
glands in the skin help eliminate excess heat, water, and CO2, plus small quantities
of salts and urea as well.
, Gastrointestinal tract - ANSWER Through defecation, the gastrointestinal tract
excretes solid, undigested foods; wastes; some CO2; water; salts; and heat.
respiratory zone - ANSWER consists of tubes and tissues within the lungs
where gas exchange occurs.
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli and are the main
sites of gas exchange between air and blood.
external nares or nostrils - ANSWER two openings on the undersurface of the
external nose
internal nares or choanae - ANSWER two openings through which the nasal
cavity communicates with the pharynx posteriorly.
nasal cavity - ANSWER large space in the anterior aspect of the skull that lies
inferior to the nasal bone and superior to the oral cavity; it is lined with muscle and
mucous membrane.
vestibule - ANSWER anterior portion of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils.
Surrounded by cartilage.
nasal septum - ANSWER vertical partition that divides the nasal cavity into
right and left sides. The anterior portion consists primarily of hyaline cartilage; the
remainder is formed by the vomer, perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, maxillae,
and palatine bones.
, superior, middle, and inferior meatuses - ANSWER series of groove-like air
passageways that subdivide each side of the nasal cavity. Arrangement of conchae
increases surface area in the internal nose and prevents dehydration by trapping
water droplets during exhalation.
olfactory epithelium - ANSWER olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, and
basal cells that lie in the respiratory region, which is near the superior nasal
conchae and adjacent septum. It contains cilia but no goblet cells.
pharynx - ANSWER funnel-shaped tube that starts at the internal nares and
extends to the level of the cricoid cartilage, the most inferior cartilage of the
larynx. Functions as a passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber
for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils, which participate in immunological
reactions against foreign invaders.
nasopharynx - ANSWER superior portion of the pharynx. Lies posterior to the
nasal cavity and extends to the soft palate. Receives air from the nasal cavity along
with packages of dust-laden mucus through the internal nares. Lined with
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, the cilia move the mucus down
toward the most inferior part of the pharynx. Also exchanges small amounts of air
with the auditory tubes to equalize air pressure between the middle ear and the
atmosphere.
soft palate - ANSWER arch-shaped muscular partition between the
nasopharynx and oropharynx that is lined by mucous membrane. Forms the
posterior portion of the roof of the mouth. There are five openings in its wall: two
internal nares, two openings that lead into the auditory (pharyngotympanic) tubes
(commonly known as the eustachian tubes), and the opening into the oropharynx.
