ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY AND
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2 EXAM SCRIPT 2026
SOLVED QUESTIONS WITH FULL SOLUTION
◉ hyperkalemia. Answer: greater than 5.0 mEq/L
caused by excess dietary or IV intake
decreased renal loss
renal failure
K+ sparing diuretics
hypoaldosteronism
shift from ICF to ECF
metabolic acidosis
cell injury
severe hyperkalemia depresses the ST segment prolongs the PR
interval and widens QRS complex (loss of atrial activity) causing
VFIB or cardiac arrest
◉ clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia. Answer: Muscle
weakness (cells in relative or absolute refractory period)
Flaccid, dilated heart (heart in relative or absolute refractory period)
ECG abnormal
Ventricular fibrillation
,Digital numbness and tingling
◉ hypokalemida. Answer: less than 3.5 mEq/L
caused by decreased intake
starvation
anorexia nervosa
increased renal loss
K+ losing diuretics
hyperaldosternoism
vomiting
diarrhea
shift from ECF to ICF
metabolic acidosis
insulin admin
◉ clinical manifestations of hypokalemia. Answer: - Fatigue
- Muscle weakness, leg cramps
- Nausea, vomiting, paralytic ileus
- Soft, flabby muscles
- Paresthesias, decreased reflexes
- Weak, irregular pulse
- Polyuria
, - Hyperglycemia
◉ hypocalcemia. Answer: less than 8.5 mg/dL serum level
caused by inadequate intestinal absorpition, depostion of ionized
calcium into bone or soft tissue, blood admin, decrease in PTH and
vit D levels, nutritional deficiences occur with inadequate calcium
sources, alkalosis, elevated calcitonin level
◉ manifestations of hypocalcemia. Answer: increased
neuromuscular activity
tingling
muscle spasms
intestinal cramping
hyperactive bowel sounds
osteoporosis
fractures
severe: convulsions, tetany, prolonged QT, cardiac arrest
Chvostek sign or Trousseau sign
◉ chvostek. Answer: Abnormal spasm of the facial muscles in
response to a light tapping of the facial nerve. Noted in clients with
hyPOcalcemia
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2 EXAM SCRIPT 2026
SOLVED QUESTIONS WITH FULL SOLUTION
◉ hyperkalemia. Answer: greater than 5.0 mEq/L
caused by excess dietary or IV intake
decreased renal loss
renal failure
K+ sparing diuretics
hypoaldosteronism
shift from ICF to ECF
metabolic acidosis
cell injury
severe hyperkalemia depresses the ST segment prolongs the PR
interval and widens QRS complex (loss of atrial activity) causing
VFIB or cardiac arrest
◉ clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia. Answer: Muscle
weakness (cells in relative or absolute refractory period)
Flaccid, dilated heart (heart in relative or absolute refractory period)
ECG abnormal
Ventricular fibrillation
,Digital numbness and tingling
◉ hypokalemida. Answer: less than 3.5 mEq/L
caused by decreased intake
starvation
anorexia nervosa
increased renal loss
K+ losing diuretics
hyperaldosternoism
vomiting
diarrhea
shift from ECF to ICF
metabolic acidosis
insulin admin
◉ clinical manifestations of hypokalemia. Answer: - Fatigue
- Muscle weakness, leg cramps
- Nausea, vomiting, paralytic ileus
- Soft, flabby muscles
- Paresthesias, decreased reflexes
- Weak, irregular pulse
- Polyuria
, - Hyperglycemia
◉ hypocalcemia. Answer: less than 8.5 mg/dL serum level
caused by inadequate intestinal absorpition, depostion of ionized
calcium into bone or soft tissue, blood admin, decrease in PTH and
vit D levels, nutritional deficiences occur with inadequate calcium
sources, alkalosis, elevated calcitonin level
◉ manifestations of hypocalcemia. Answer: increased
neuromuscular activity
tingling
muscle spasms
intestinal cramping
hyperactive bowel sounds
osteoporosis
fractures
severe: convulsions, tetany, prolonged QT, cardiac arrest
Chvostek sign or Trousseau sign
◉ chvostek. Answer: Abnormal spasm of the facial muscles in
response to a light tapping of the facial nerve. Noted in clients with
hyPOcalcemia
