NSG 3130 Exam 4 Fundamental Concepts and Skills for
Nursing Practice II Latest Practice Test with 130
Questions and Correct Answers/ NSG 3130 Exam 4
STUDY GUIDE: Cardiac and Respiratory Review
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Components of the Heart
• The pump - mechanical action
• The electrical system - conduction
• The vascular system - vessels
• The blood volume - fluid content
Lipids/Cholesterol
• LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) - "Bad" cholesterol
o Should be less than 130 mg/dL
o Fats can clog blood vessels and decrease blood flow
• HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) - "Good" cholesterol
o Should be greater than 45 mg/dL
• Total cholesterol - should be lower than 200 mg/dL
Laboratory Values
Test Significance
Serum Electrolytes Can affect the conduction of the heart
,Test Significance
Hemoglobin Iron-containing protein in RBCs that reversibly binds oxygen
Creatinine Kinase Elevated with cardiac cell death; usually indicates MI
Troponin Elevated with cardiac cell death; usually indicates MI
Hemodynamics
Preload
• Amount of blood and pressure in the ventricle at the END of diastole
• Increases due to: increase of volume
Afterload
• The resistance that has to be exceeded for the ventricle to eject blood
during systole
• Increases due to: HTN or vasoconstriction
Cardiac Output
• Heart Rate × Stroke Volume
Risk Factors
Non-modifiable
• Age
• Race
• Family history
• Gender
• Ethnicity
,Modifiable
• Lifestyle
• Diseases
• Stress
Metabolic Syndrome
A syndrome marked by the presence of usually three or more of the following:
• Central obesity
• Increased triglycerides
• Elevated cholesterol levels
• Hypertension
• Hyperglycemia
Inflammatory Markers
C-Reactive Protein
• A nonspecific protein produced in the liver
• Becomes elevated during episodes of acute inflammation or infection
Elevated Homocysteine Levels
• Indicates presence of atherosclerosis
• Predictor of who is at risk
Population Considerations
African American and Hispanic Populations
• More likely to develop chronic HTN and heart diseases
, Geriatric Concerns
• Blood vessels are less elastic
• Impaired valves due to stiffness → decreased CO
• Decreased baroreceptor response
Lifespan Considerations
• HR decreases in older adults
• Heart loses muscle tone → decrease in cardiac output
• BP trends up with age
• Irregularities in infants and children are common
• Atherosclerosis (plaque buildup) more common in older adults
• HTN typically elevates in older populations
Ischemia
Ischemia
• Inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the
heart muscles
How do you know if there is not enough blood being received in the tissue?
• Check temperature
• Check color
• Check appearance
• Check capillary refill of peripheral extremities
Tissue Ischemia
• Point at which tissues receive insufficient oxygen and perfusion
• Can result in gangrene or amputation
Nursing Practice II Latest Practice Test with 130
Questions and Correct Answers/ NSG 3130 Exam 4
STUDY GUIDE: Cardiac and Respiratory Review
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Components of the Heart
• The pump - mechanical action
• The electrical system - conduction
• The vascular system - vessels
• The blood volume - fluid content
Lipids/Cholesterol
• LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) - "Bad" cholesterol
o Should be less than 130 mg/dL
o Fats can clog blood vessels and decrease blood flow
• HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) - "Good" cholesterol
o Should be greater than 45 mg/dL
• Total cholesterol - should be lower than 200 mg/dL
Laboratory Values
Test Significance
Serum Electrolytes Can affect the conduction of the heart
,Test Significance
Hemoglobin Iron-containing protein in RBCs that reversibly binds oxygen
Creatinine Kinase Elevated with cardiac cell death; usually indicates MI
Troponin Elevated with cardiac cell death; usually indicates MI
Hemodynamics
Preload
• Amount of blood and pressure in the ventricle at the END of diastole
• Increases due to: increase of volume
Afterload
• The resistance that has to be exceeded for the ventricle to eject blood
during systole
• Increases due to: HTN or vasoconstriction
Cardiac Output
• Heart Rate × Stroke Volume
Risk Factors
Non-modifiable
• Age
• Race
• Family history
• Gender
• Ethnicity
,Modifiable
• Lifestyle
• Diseases
• Stress
Metabolic Syndrome
A syndrome marked by the presence of usually three or more of the following:
• Central obesity
• Increased triglycerides
• Elevated cholesterol levels
• Hypertension
• Hyperglycemia
Inflammatory Markers
C-Reactive Protein
• A nonspecific protein produced in the liver
• Becomes elevated during episodes of acute inflammation or infection
Elevated Homocysteine Levels
• Indicates presence of atherosclerosis
• Predictor of who is at risk
Population Considerations
African American and Hispanic Populations
• More likely to develop chronic HTN and heart diseases
, Geriatric Concerns
• Blood vessels are less elastic
• Impaired valves due to stiffness → decreased CO
• Decreased baroreceptor response
Lifespan Considerations
• HR decreases in older adults
• Heart loses muscle tone → decrease in cardiac output
• BP trends up with age
• Irregularities in infants and children are common
• Atherosclerosis (plaque buildup) more common in older adults
• HTN typically elevates in older populations
Ischemia
Ischemia
• Inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the
heart muscles
How do you know if there is not enough blood being received in the tissue?
• Check temperature
• Check color
• Check appearance
• Check capillary refill of peripheral extremities
Tissue Ischemia
• Point at which tissues receive insufficient oxygen and perfusion
• Can result in gangrene or amputation
