NURS 611 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM TWO FINAL PAPER 2026 COMPLETE
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ which system responds to stress by preparing the body to defend
itself. Answer: Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
⩥ how is blood flow redistributed by the sympathetic nervous system
(SNS). Answer: blood flow to the muscles is increased while blood flow
to GI and integumentary is decreased
⩥ how are primary brain injuries classified. Answer: focal or diffuse
(aka multifocal)
⩥ focal brain injuries. Answer: specific, grossly observable brain lesions
that occur in a precise location
Epidural and subdural hemorrhages
⩥ diffuse brain injuries. Answer: include brain injury due to hypoxia,
meningitis, encephalitis, and damage to blood vessels
The brain is confined in a limited space so increased pressure can cause
collateral dysfunction: Diabetes Insipidus (ADH not secreted thus
polyuria)
, ⩥ autonomic hyperreflexia. Answer: characterized by paroxysmal HTN
(up to 300 mmHg systolic), a pounding headache, blurred vision,
sweating above the level of the lesion with flushing of the skin, nasal
congestion, nausea, piloerection caused by pilomotor spasm, and
bradycardia (30-40 beats/min)
⩥ location of lesions in cases of autonomic hyperreflexia. Answer:
individual most likely to be affected have lesions at the T5-T6 level or
above
⩥ sequence of events that lead to hyperreflexia induced bradycardia.
Answer: bradycardia (30-40bpm) is a sx of hyperreflexia
Stimulation of the carotid sinus -->vagus nerve -->sinoatrial (SA) node.
The intact ANS reflexively responds with an arteriolar spasm that
increases blood pressure. Baroreceptors in the cerebral vessels, the
carotid sinus, and the aorta sense the HTN and stimulate the PNS. The
heart rate decreases, but the visceral and peripheral vessels do not dilate
because efferent impulses cannot pass through the cord
⩥ Alzheimer's disease. Answer: leading cause of dementia and one of
the most common causes of severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults
⩥ what are the greatest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Answer: age,
family history
EXAM TWO FINAL PAPER 2026 COMPLETE
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ which system responds to stress by preparing the body to defend
itself. Answer: Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
⩥ how is blood flow redistributed by the sympathetic nervous system
(SNS). Answer: blood flow to the muscles is increased while blood flow
to GI and integumentary is decreased
⩥ how are primary brain injuries classified. Answer: focal or diffuse
(aka multifocal)
⩥ focal brain injuries. Answer: specific, grossly observable brain lesions
that occur in a precise location
Epidural and subdural hemorrhages
⩥ diffuse brain injuries. Answer: include brain injury due to hypoxia,
meningitis, encephalitis, and damage to blood vessels
The brain is confined in a limited space so increased pressure can cause
collateral dysfunction: Diabetes Insipidus (ADH not secreted thus
polyuria)
, ⩥ autonomic hyperreflexia. Answer: characterized by paroxysmal HTN
(up to 300 mmHg systolic), a pounding headache, blurred vision,
sweating above the level of the lesion with flushing of the skin, nasal
congestion, nausea, piloerection caused by pilomotor spasm, and
bradycardia (30-40 beats/min)
⩥ location of lesions in cases of autonomic hyperreflexia. Answer:
individual most likely to be affected have lesions at the T5-T6 level or
above
⩥ sequence of events that lead to hyperreflexia induced bradycardia.
Answer: bradycardia (30-40bpm) is a sx of hyperreflexia
Stimulation of the carotid sinus -->vagus nerve -->sinoatrial (SA) node.
The intact ANS reflexively responds with an arteriolar spasm that
increases blood pressure. Baroreceptors in the cerebral vessels, the
carotid sinus, and the aorta sense the HTN and stimulate the PNS. The
heart rate decreases, but the visceral and peripheral vessels do not dilate
because efferent impulses cannot pass through the cord
⩥ Alzheimer's disease. Answer: leading cause of dementia and one of
the most common causes of severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults
⩥ what are the greatest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Answer: age,
family history
