NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology - Exam 1 Comprehensive Questions
and Answers and Explanations | Latest - Chamberlain
1. Which organelle is responsible for the production of adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) via oxidative phosphorylation?
A. Lysosome
B. Golgi Apparatus
C. Endoplasmic Reticulum
D. Mitochondria
Answer: D
Explanation: Mitochondria are the primary site of cellular respiration and ATP production.
2. In cellular communication, what type of signaling occurs when a cell releases
a chemical that acts on itself?
A. Endocrine signaling
B. Paracrine signaling
C. Autocrine signaling
D. Synaptic signaling
Answer: C
Explanation: Autocrine signaling occurs when a cell secretes a hormone or chemical
messenger that binds to receptors on that same cell.
,3. Which process describes the movement of water down a concentration
gradient across a semipermeable membrane?
A. Osmosis
B. Facilitated Diffusion
C. Active Transport
D. Hydrostatic Pressure
Answer: A
Explanation: Osmosis is specifically the movement of water from an area of low solute
concentration to high solute concentration.
4. A patient with Turner Syndrome has which chromosomal makeup?
A. 47, XXY
B. 47, XXX
C. 45, X
D. 46, XY
Answer: C
Explanation: Turner Syndrome is characterized by monosomy of the X chromosome (45,
X).
,5. Which term refers to an individual having two different alleles for a specific
gene?
A. Homozygous
B. Heterozygous
C. Genotype
D. Phenotype
Answer: B
Explanation: Heterozygous means the alleles at a given locus are different.
6. What is the primary mechanism of DNA methylation in epigenetics?
A. Attachment of a methyl group to a cytosine base, typically silencing the gene
B. Removal of a methyl group to activate protein synthesis
C. Acetylation of histones to tighten DNA winding
D. Mutation of the nucleotide sequence in the exon
Answer: A
Explanation: DNA methylation usually results in gene silencing by preventing the binding
of transcriptional factors.
7. A decrease in cell size is known as:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
, C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: D
Explanation: Atrophy is the shrinkage in cell size by loss of cell substance.
8. Which of the following is an example of pathologic hyperplasia?
A. Liver regeneration after partial resection
B. Breast enlargement during puberty
C. Uterine enlargement during pregnancy
D. Endometrial thickening due to excessive estrogen
Answer: D
Explanation: Pathologic hyperplasia is an abnormal proliferation of normal cells, often
caused by excessive hormonal stimulation.
9. What is the most common cause of cellular injury?
A. Chemical agents
B. Hypoxia
C. Free radicals
D. Infectious agents
Answer: B
and Answers and Explanations | Latest - Chamberlain
1. Which organelle is responsible for the production of adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) via oxidative phosphorylation?
A. Lysosome
B. Golgi Apparatus
C. Endoplasmic Reticulum
D. Mitochondria
Answer: D
Explanation: Mitochondria are the primary site of cellular respiration and ATP production.
2. In cellular communication, what type of signaling occurs when a cell releases
a chemical that acts on itself?
A. Endocrine signaling
B. Paracrine signaling
C. Autocrine signaling
D. Synaptic signaling
Answer: C
Explanation: Autocrine signaling occurs when a cell secretes a hormone or chemical
messenger that binds to receptors on that same cell.
,3. Which process describes the movement of water down a concentration
gradient across a semipermeable membrane?
A. Osmosis
B. Facilitated Diffusion
C. Active Transport
D. Hydrostatic Pressure
Answer: A
Explanation: Osmosis is specifically the movement of water from an area of low solute
concentration to high solute concentration.
4. A patient with Turner Syndrome has which chromosomal makeup?
A. 47, XXY
B. 47, XXX
C. 45, X
D. 46, XY
Answer: C
Explanation: Turner Syndrome is characterized by monosomy of the X chromosome (45,
X).
,5. Which term refers to an individual having two different alleles for a specific
gene?
A. Homozygous
B. Heterozygous
C. Genotype
D. Phenotype
Answer: B
Explanation: Heterozygous means the alleles at a given locus are different.
6. What is the primary mechanism of DNA methylation in epigenetics?
A. Attachment of a methyl group to a cytosine base, typically silencing the gene
B. Removal of a methyl group to activate protein synthesis
C. Acetylation of histones to tighten DNA winding
D. Mutation of the nucleotide sequence in the exon
Answer: A
Explanation: DNA methylation usually results in gene silencing by preventing the binding
of transcriptional factors.
7. A decrease in cell size is known as:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
, C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: D
Explanation: Atrophy is the shrinkage in cell size by loss of cell substance.
8. Which of the following is an example of pathologic hyperplasia?
A. Liver regeneration after partial resection
B. Breast enlargement during puberty
C. Uterine enlargement during pregnancy
D. Endometrial thickening due to excessive estrogen
Answer: D
Explanation: Pathologic hyperplasia is an abnormal proliferation of normal cells, often
caused by excessive hormonal stimulation.
9. What is the most common cause of cellular injury?
A. Chemical agents
B. Hypoxia
C. Free radicals
D. Infectious agents
Answer: B
