NR507 Exam 3: Advanced Pathophysiology Questions and Answers
and Explanations | Latest - Chamberlain
1. A patient is diagnosed with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Which of the
following conditions is the most common cause?
A. Parathyroid adenoma
B. Pituitary tumor
C. Vitamin D toxicity
D. Chronic renal failure
Answer: D
Explanation: Chronic renal failure leads to hyperphosphatemia and reduced activation of
Vitamin D, resulting in hypocalcemia, which chronically stimulates the parathyroid glands.
2. Which clinical manifestation is most characteristic of Graves’ disease?
A. Exophthalmos and pretibial myxedema
B. Weight gain and bradycardia
C. Moon face and buffalo hump
D. Cold intolerance and dry skin
Answer: A
Explanation: Graves’ disease is an autoimmune form of hyperthyroidism characterized by
thyrotoxicosis, exophthalmos (bulging eyes), and pretibial myxedema.
,3. A 45-year-old female presents with increased facial hair, a ‘buffalo hump,’
and purple striae on her abdomen. These findings are consistent with:
A. Cushing’s syndrome
B. Pheochromocytoma
C. Addison’s disease
D. Hashimoto’s disease
Answer: A
Explanation: Cushing’s syndrome results from chronic exposure to excess cortisol, leading
to central obesity, buffalo hump, and skin changes like striae.
4. Diabetes Insipidus (DI) is characterized by a deficiency of which hormone?
A. Insulin
B. Aldosterone
C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D. Oxytocin
Answer: C
Explanation: DI involves either a lack of ADH production (central) or a lack of renal
response to ADH (nephrogenic), resulting in polyuria and polydipsia.
5. What is the primary pathophysiology behind Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
B. Excessive glucagon secretion by alpha cells
,C. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
D. Decreased glucose absorption in the gut
Answer: C
Explanation: Type 1 DM is an autoimmune disease where T-cell mediated destruction of
beta cells leads to absolute insulin deficiency.
6. Which type of anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor?
A. Iron deficiency anemia
B. Aplastic anemia
C. Pernicious anemia
D. Hemolytic anemia
Answer: C
Explanation: Pernicious anemia is a type of Vitamin B12 deficiency caused by the lack of
intrinsic factor, which is necessary for B12 absorption in the ileum.
7. A patient’s labs show a low Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and low Mean
Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH). This describes:
A. Macrocytic-normochromic anemia
B. Macrocytic-hypochromic anemia
C. Normocytic-normochromic anemia
D. Microcytic-hypochromic anemia
Answer: D
, Explanation: Low MCV indicates small cells (microcytic), and low MCH/MCHC indicates
pale cells (hypochromic), typical of iron deficiency anemia.
8. Which of the following is a classic sign of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?
A. Reed-Sternberg cells
B. Presence of Auer rods in blast cells
C. Philadelphia chromosome (t9;22)
D. High levels of Bence-Jones proteins
Answer: B
Explanation: Auer rods are linear groupings of myeloperoxidase-positive granules found
in the cytoplasm of myeloblasts in AML.
9. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is best described as:
A. A primary hypercoagulable state
B. A systemic cycle of simultaneous clotting and bleeding
C. A localized clotting disorder
D. A deficiency in Vitamin K
Answer: B
Explanation: DIC involves widespread activation of coagulation that consumes clotting
factors and platelets, leading to systemic hemorrhage.
and Explanations | Latest - Chamberlain
1. A patient is diagnosed with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Which of the
following conditions is the most common cause?
A. Parathyroid adenoma
B. Pituitary tumor
C. Vitamin D toxicity
D. Chronic renal failure
Answer: D
Explanation: Chronic renal failure leads to hyperphosphatemia and reduced activation of
Vitamin D, resulting in hypocalcemia, which chronically stimulates the parathyroid glands.
2. Which clinical manifestation is most characteristic of Graves’ disease?
A. Exophthalmos and pretibial myxedema
B. Weight gain and bradycardia
C. Moon face and buffalo hump
D. Cold intolerance and dry skin
Answer: A
Explanation: Graves’ disease is an autoimmune form of hyperthyroidism characterized by
thyrotoxicosis, exophthalmos (bulging eyes), and pretibial myxedema.
,3. A 45-year-old female presents with increased facial hair, a ‘buffalo hump,’
and purple striae on her abdomen. These findings are consistent with:
A. Cushing’s syndrome
B. Pheochromocytoma
C. Addison’s disease
D. Hashimoto’s disease
Answer: A
Explanation: Cushing’s syndrome results from chronic exposure to excess cortisol, leading
to central obesity, buffalo hump, and skin changes like striae.
4. Diabetes Insipidus (DI) is characterized by a deficiency of which hormone?
A. Insulin
B. Aldosterone
C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D. Oxytocin
Answer: C
Explanation: DI involves either a lack of ADH production (central) or a lack of renal
response to ADH (nephrogenic), resulting in polyuria and polydipsia.
5. What is the primary pathophysiology behind Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
B. Excessive glucagon secretion by alpha cells
,C. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
D. Decreased glucose absorption in the gut
Answer: C
Explanation: Type 1 DM is an autoimmune disease where T-cell mediated destruction of
beta cells leads to absolute insulin deficiency.
6. Which type of anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor?
A. Iron deficiency anemia
B. Aplastic anemia
C. Pernicious anemia
D. Hemolytic anemia
Answer: C
Explanation: Pernicious anemia is a type of Vitamin B12 deficiency caused by the lack of
intrinsic factor, which is necessary for B12 absorption in the ileum.
7. A patient’s labs show a low Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and low Mean
Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH). This describes:
A. Macrocytic-normochromic anemia
B. Macrocytic-hypochromic anemia
C. Normocytic-normochromic anemia
D. Microcytic-hypochromic anemia
Answer: D
, Explanation: Low MCV indicates small cells (microcytic), and low MCH/MCHC indicates
pale cells (hypochromic), typical of iron deficiency anemia.
8. Which of the following is a classic sign of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?
A. Reed-Sternberg cells
B. Presence of Auer rods in blast cells
C. Philadelphia chromosome (t9;22)
D. High levels of Bence-Jones proteins
Answer: B
Explanation: Auer rods are linear groupings of myeloperoxidase-positive granules found
in the cytoplasm of myeloblasts in AML.
9. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is best described as:
A. A primary hypercoagulable state
B. A systemic cycle of simultaneous clotting and bleeding
C. A localized clotting disorder
D. A deficiency in Vitamin K
Answer: B
Explanation: DIC involves widespread activation of coagulation that consumes clotting
factors and platelets, leading to systemic hemorrhage.
