NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions and Answers and
Explanations | Latest - Chamberlain
1. A patient is diagnosed with a decrease in the size of the leg muscle following
a prolonged period in a cast. What is the most likely cellular adaptation?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: B
Explanation: Atrophy is the decrease or shrinkage in cellular size, often occurring in
skeletal muscles after disuse or immobilization.
2. Which process involves the replacement of one mature cell type by another,
less mature cell type?
A. Dysplasia
B. Neoplasia
C. Anaplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
,Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another,
such as the change in bronchial lining in smokers.
3. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury caused by hypoxia?
A. Increased protein synthesis
B. Decreased ATP production
C. Alkalosis of the cytoplasm
D. Enhanced sodium-potassium pump activity
Answer: B
Explanation: Hypoxia leads to a decrease in mitochondrial oxygenation, resulting in
reduced ATP production and subsequent cellular swelling.
4. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to cause a positive Chvostek sign?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hyponatremia
C. Hypermagnesemia
D. Hypocalcemia
Answer: D
Explanation: Hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability, which can be
demonstrated by Chvostek and Trousseau signs.
,5. A patient has an arterial blood gas result showing pH 7.25, PaCO2 55, and
HCO3 24. What is the interpretation?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
B. Respiratory Alkalosis
C. Metabolic Alkalosis
D. Respiratory Acidosis
Answer: D
Explanation: A pH below 7.35 indicates acidosis, and a PaCO2 above 45 mmHg indicates
the cause is respiratory.
6. What is the main function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?
A. Increase sodium reabsorption
B. Promote water excretion
C. Decrease blood pressure
D. Regulate water reabsorption in the collecting ducts
Answer: D
Explanation: ADH (vasopressin) regulates water balance by increasing permeability to
water in the renal collecting ducts.
7. Which type of necrosis is typically associated with a myocardial infarction?
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
, C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Answer: C
Explanation: Coagulative necrosis results from protein denaturation and is characteristic
of hypoxic injury in the heart and kidneys.
8. In a person with heart failure, what is the most likely cause of edema?
A. Lymphatic obstruction
B. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C. Increased plasma oncotic pressure
D. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Answer: D
Explanation: Heart failure causes venous congestion, which increases capillary hydrostatic
pressure, pushing fluid into the interstitial space.
9. Which of the following describes the genotype of a female with Turner
syndrome?
A. 47, XXY
B. 47, XXX
C. 45, X
D. 46, XY
Answer: C
Explanations | Latest - Chamberlain
1. A patient is diagnosed with a decrease in the size of the leg muscle following
a prolonged period in a cast. What is the most likely cellular adaptation?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: B
Explanation: Atrophy is the decrease or shrinkage in cellular size, often occurring in
skeletal muscles after disuse or immobilization.
2. Which process involves the replacement of one mature cell type by another,
less mature cell type?
A. Dysplasia
B. Neoplasia
C. Anaplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
,Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another,
such as the change in bronchial lining in smokers.
3. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury caused by hypoxia?
A. Increased protein synthesis
B. Decreased ATP production
C. Alkalosis of the cytoplasm
D. Enhanced sodium-potassium pump activity
Answer: B
Explanation: Hypoxia leads to a decrease in mitochondrial oxygenation, resulting in
reduced ATP production and subsequent cellular swelling.
4. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to cause a positive Chvostek sign?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hyponatremia
C. Hypermagnesemia
D. Hypocalcemia
Answer: D
Explanation: Hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability, which can be
demonstrated by Chvostek and Trousseau signs.
,5. A patient has an arterial blood gas result showing pH 7.25, PaCO2 55, and
HCO3 24. What is the interpretation?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
B. Respiratory Alkalosis
C. Metabolic Alkalosis
D. Respiratory Acidosis
Answer: D
Explanation: A pH below 7.35 indicates acidosis, and a PaCO2 above 45 mmHg indicates
the cause is respiratory.
6. What is the main function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?
A. Increase sodium reabsorption
B. Promote water excretion
C. Decrease blood pressure
D. Regulate water reabsorption in the collecting ducts
Answer: D
Explanation: ADH (vasopressin) regulates water balance by increasing permeability to
water in the renal collecting ducts.
7. Which type of necrosis is typically associated with a myocardial infarction?
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
, C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Answer: C
Explanation: Coagulative necrosis results from protein denaturation and is characteristic
of hypoxic injury in the heart and kidneys.
8. In a person with heart failure, what is the most likely cause of edema?
A. Lymphatic obstruction
B. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C. Increased plasma oncotic pressure
D. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Answer: D
Explanation: Heart failure causes venous congestion, which increases capillary hydrostatic
pressure, pushing fluid into the interstitial space.
9. Which of the following describes the genotype of a female with Turner
syndrome?
A. 47, XXY
B. 47, XXX
C. 45, X
D. 46, XY
Answer: C
