NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 2 Review Questions and
Answers and Explanations | Latest - Chamberlain
1. Which hormone is primarily responsible for the stimulation of red blood cell
production in the bone marrow, often deficient in chronic kidney disease?
A. Renin
B. Calcitriol
C. Aldosterone
D. Erythropoietin
Answer: D
Explanation: Erythropoietin is produced by the peritubular cells of the kidney. In chronic
kidney disease, its production decreases, leading to anemia.
2. A patient presents with exophthalmos, heat intolerance, and tachycardia.
Which condition is most likely?
A. Hashimoto thyroiditis
B. Myxedema coma
C. Cushing syndrome
D. Graves disease
Answer: D
,Explanation: Graves disease is an autoimmune form of hyperthyroidism characterized by
thyrotoxicosis and often specific signs like bulging eyes (exophthalmos).
3. What is the primary pathophysiology behind Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
B. Excessive glucagon secretion
C. Downregulation of insulin receptors
D. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Answer: D
Explanation: Type 1 DM is characterized by an absolute insulin deficiency due to T-cell
mediated autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas.
4. A patient with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) develops secondary
hyperparathyroidism. What is the underlying cause?
A. Excessive vitamin D intake
B. Hypercalcemia from bone resorption
C. Primary tumor in the parathyroid gland
D. Hypocalcemia due to phosphate retention and low vitamin D
Answer: D
Explanation: In CKD, the kidneys fail to excrete phosphate and activate vitamin D, leading
to hypocalcemia which stimulates the parathyroid glands.
,5. Which of the following describes the Dawn Phenomenon in diabetic patients?
A. Early morning glucose rise due to nocturnal growth hormone secretion
B. Hypoglycemia in the middle of the night followed by rebound hyperglycemia
C. Post-prandial glucose spikes after breakfast
D. Insulin sensitivity increase during sleep
Answer: A
Explanation: The Dawn Phenomenon is a normal physiological rise in blood glucose in the
early morning caused by growth hormone and cortisol release.
6. What is the hallmark clinical finding of Nephrotic Syndrome?
A. Proteinuria greater than 3.5 g/day
B. Hematuria with red blood cell casts
C. Acute flank pain and fever
D. Elevated serum albumin
Answer: A
Explanation: Nephrotic syndrome is defined by massive proteinuria (exceeding 3.5g/day),
hypoalbuminemia, and peripheral edema.
7. Which electrolyte imbalance is a common and life-threatening complication
of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypernatremia
, C. Hypokalemia
D. Hypomagnesemia
Answer: A
Explanation: Hyperkalemia occurs because the kidneys cannot excrete potassium,
potentially leading to lethal cardiac arrhythmias.
8. Cushing syndrome is caused by an excess of which hormone?
A. Cortisol
B. Aldosterone
C. Epinephrine
D. Thyroxine
Answer: A
Explanation: Cushing syndrome results from chronic exposure to excessive levels of
cortisol, regardless of the cause.
9. A patient with SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone) is
likely to exhibit which of the following?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Serum hyperosmolality
C. Excessive urine output
D. Dilutional hyponatremia
Answer: D
Answers and Explanations | Latest - Chamberlain
1. Which hormone is primarily responsible for the stimulation of red blood cell
production in the bone marrow, often deficient in chronic kidney disease?
A. Renin
B. Calcitriol
C. Aldosterone
D. Erythropoietin
Answer: D
Explanation: Erythropoietin is produced by the peritubular cells of the kidney. In chronic
kidney disease, its production decreases, leading to anemia.
2. A patient presents with exophthalmos, heat intolerance, and tachycardia.
Which condition is most likely?
A. Hashimoto thyroiditis
B. Myxedema coma
C. Cushing syndrome
D. Graves disease
Answer: D
,Explanation: Graves disease is an autoimmune form of hyperthyroidism characterized by
thyrotoxicosis and often specific signs like bulging eyes (exophthalmos).
3. What is the primary pathophysiology behind Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
B. Excessive glucagon secretion
C. Downregulation of insulin receptors
D. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Answer: D
Explanation: Type 1 DM is characterized by an absolute insulin deficiency due to T-cell
mediated autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas.
4. A patient with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) develops secondary
hyperparathyroidism. What is the underlying cause?
A. Excessive vitamin D intake
B. Hypercalcemia from bone resorption
C. Primary tumor in the parathyroid gland
D. Hypocalcemia due to phosphate retention and low vitamin D
Answer: D
Explanation: In CKD, the kidneys fail to excrete phosphate and activate vitamin D, leading
to hypocalcemia which stimulates the parathyroid glands.
,5. Which of the following describes the Dawn Phenomenon in diabetic patients?
A. Early morning glucose rise due to nocturnal growth hormone secretion
B. Hypoglycemia in the middle of the night followed by rebound hyperglycemia
C. Post-prandial glucose spikes after breakfast
D. Insulin sensitivity increase during sleep
Answer: A
Explanation: The Dawn Phenomenon is a normal physiological rise in blood glucose in the
early morning caused by growth hormone and cortisol release.
6. What is the hallmark clinical finding of Nephrotic Syndrome?
A. Proteinuria greater than 3.5 g/day
B. Hematuria with red blood cell casts
C. Acute flank pain and fever
D. Elevated serum albumin
Answer: A
Explanation: Nephrotic syndrome is defined by massive proteinuria (exceeding 3.5g/day),
hypoalbuminemia, and peripheral edema.
7. Which electrolyte imbalance is a common and life-threatening complication
of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypernatremia
, C. Hypokalemia
D. Hypomagnesemia
Answer: A
Explanation: Hyperkalemia occurs because the kidneys cannot excrete potassium,
potentially leading to lethal cardiac arrhythmias.
8. Cushing syndrome is caused by an excess of which hormone?
A. Cortisol
B. Aldosterone
C. Epinephrine
D. Thyroxine
Answer: A
Explanation: Cushing syndrome results from chronic exposure to excessive levels of
cortisol, regardless of the cause.
9. A patient with SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone) is
likely to exhibit which of the following?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Serum hyperosmolality
C. Excessive urine output
D. Dilutional hyponatremia
Answer: D
