NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 3 Questions and Answers and
Explanations | Latest - Chamberlain
1. Which of the following is the most accurate indicator of overall renal
function?
A. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
B. Serum Creatinine
C. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
D. Urine Specific Gravity
Answer: A
Explanation: GFR is considered the best measure of kidney function because it describes
the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney.
2. A patient presents with sudden onset of hematuria, proteinuria, and edema.
Which condition is most likely?
A. Nephrotic Syndrome
B. Acute Glomerulonephritis
C. Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury
D. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Answer: B
,Explanation: Acute glomerulonephritis typically presents with hematuria (often tea-
colored) and proteinuria due to glomerular inflammation.
3. What is the primary cause of prerenal acute kidney injury?
A. Obstruction of the urinary tract
B. Direct damage to kidney tissue
C. Autoimmune destruction of glomeruli
D. Decreased renal perfusion
Answer: D
Explanation: Prerenal AKI is caused by factors that reduce blood flow to the kidneys, such
as dehydration, hemorrhage, or heart failure.
4. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by which of the following clinical
findings?
A. Heavy proteinuria (>3.5g/day)
B. Gross hematuria
C. Increased GFR
D. Hypokalemia
Answer: A
Explanation: Nephrotic syndrome is defined by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia,
and peripheral edema.
,5. Which hormone is synthesized and secreted by the kidneys to stimulate red
blood cell production?
A. Erythropoietin
B. Aldosterone
C. Renin
D. Antidiuretic Hormone
Answer: A
Explanation: The kidneys produce erythropoietin in response to hypoxia, which signals
the bone marrow to produce RBCs.
6. What is the most common type of renal stone?
A. Uric acid stones
B. Struvite stones
C. Cystine stones
D. Calcium oxalate stones
Answer: D
Explanation: Calcium stones, particularly calcium oxalate, account for about 70-80% of all
kidney stones.
, 7. In Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), why does secondary hyperparathyroidism
occur?
A. Excessive Vitamin D production
B. Hypophosphatemia
C. Hypocalcemia due to phosphate retention
D. Increased renal excretion of calcium
Answer: C
Explanation: In CKD, phosphate retention and decreased Vitamin D activation lead to low
calcium, which stimulates the parathyroid glands.
8. Which organism is the most frequent cause of uncomplicated urinary tract
infections (UTIs)?
A. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
B. Klebsiella pneumoniae
C. Proteus mirabilis
D. Escherichia coli
Answer: D
Explanation: E. coli is responsible for approximately 80-85% of community-acquired UTIs.
9. Which type of anemia is characterized by a lack of intrinsic factor?
A. Iron deficiency anemia
Explanations | Latest - Chamberlain
1. Which of the following is the most accurate indicator of overall renal
function?
A. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
B. Serum Creatinine
C. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
D. Urine Specific Gravity
Answer: A
Explanation: GFR is considered the best measure of kidney function because it describes
the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney.
2. A patient presents with sudden onset of hematuria, proteinuria, and edema.
Which condition is most likely?
A. Nephrotic Syndrome
B. Acute Glomerulonephritis
C. Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury
D. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Answer: B
,Explanation: Acute glomerulonephritis typically presents with hematuria (often tea-
colored) and proteinuria due to glomerular inflammation.
3. What is the primary cause of prerenal acute kidney injury?
A. Obstruction of the urinary tract
B. Direct damage to kidney tissue
C. Autoimmune destruction of glomeruli
D. Decreased renal perfusion
Answer: D
Explanation: Prerenal AKI is caused by factors that reduce blood flow to the kidneys, such
as dehydration, hemorrhage, or heart failure.
4. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by which of the following clinical
findings?
A. Heavy proteinuria (>3.5g/day)
B. Gross hematuria
C. Increased GFR
D. Hypokalemia
Answer: A
Explanation: Nephrotic syndrome is defined by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia,
and peripheral edema.
,5. Which hormone is synthesized and secreted by the kidneys to stimulate red
blood cell production?
A. Erythropoietin
B. Aldosterone
C. Renin
D. Antidiuretic Hormone
Answer: A
Explanation: The kidneys produce erythropoietin in response to hypoxia, which signals
the bone marrow to produce RBCs.
6. What is the most common type of renal stone?
A. Uric acid stones
B. Struvite stones
C. Cystine stones
D. Calcium oxalate stones
Answer: D
Explanation: Calcium stones, particularly calcium oxalate, account for about 70-80% of all
kidney stones.
, 7. In Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), why does secondary hyperparathyroidism
occur?
A. Excessive Vitamin D production
B. Hypophosphatemia
C. Hypocalcemia due to phosphate retention
D. Increased renal excretion of calcium
Answer: C
Explanation: In CKD, phosphate retention and decreased Vitamin D activation lead to low
calcium, which stimulates the parathyroid glands.
8. Which organism is the most frequent cause of uncomplicated urinary tract
infections (UTIs)?
A. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
B. Klebsiella pneumoniae
C. Proteus mirabilis
D. Escherichia coli
Answer: D
Explanation: E. coli is responsible for approximately 80-85% of community-acquired UTIs.
9. Which type of anemia is characterized by a lack of intrinsic factor?
A. Iron deficiency anemia
