NUR 641E
NUR 641E Final Exam Questions with Correct
Answers Graded A+ 2026-2027
Pharmacokinetics involves
a: Absorption: absorption from the administration site either directly or
indirectly into the blood/plasma.
b: Distribution: reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the
interstitial and intracellular fluid.
c: Metabolism: biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues.
d: Elimination: the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body
The route of administration with the highest bioavailability is
Intravenous, putting an entire dose into a patient's vein and bypassing
absorption
Intravenous route avoids
First-pass metabolism in the liver
Rectal administration has
variable and erratic absorption
Steady State (SS) is usually reached within
4-5 half-lives of a drug
Half-life of a drug is
How long it takes for the drug to be excreted from the body
- determines how frequently the drug must be administered
- predicts how long toxic effects can last
First-order (linear) pharmacokinetics means
The metabolism is directly proportional to the free concentration of the drug
NUR 641E
,NUR 641E
Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics means
A drug is metabolized at a constant rate per unit time
CYP3A4 substrate drugs may have a decreased activity if
Any CYP3A4 inducer drugs are used along with it
Drug development process involves these steps according to the FDA
a: Discovery: laboratory research to develop the new drugs
b: Preclinical research with animal testing for safety
c: Clinical research on healthy human subjects to assess medication
pharmacokinetics (Phase 1)
d: Clinical research in humans primarily for medication safety, usually in a
population for which the treatment is intended (Phase 2)
e: Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accept
medications or placebo for efficacy and safety (Phase 3)
f: FDA review of the results to determine approval
g: Post marketing study to identify adverse effects not found in earlier
clinical studies (Phase 4)
Medication safety organizations include the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA), the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP), and the Joint
Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO)
a: The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)
b: The Institute of Medicine (IOM)
c: The Joint Commission
d: The National Coordinating Counsil for Medication Error Reporting and
NUR 641E
, NUR 641E
Prevention (NCC MERP)
e: Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative
Two basic types of adverse drug reactions (ADRs)
Pharmacological and Idiosyncratic
Percent of adverse drug reactions that are pharmacological
85%-90%
Adverse drug reactions are usually
Preventable, frequently occur in a hospital or nursing home setting, and
include medication errors, adverse drug effects, and allergic and
idiosyncratic type reactions
Are adverse drug reactions commonly reported
No, ADRs are not commonly reported, the FDA does not mandate that ADRs
be reported
Polypharmacy
Involves using multiple health care providers for care, using multiple
medications, and using several pharmacies for prescription filling
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)
Lisinopril, Captopril, Enalapril, Ramipril, Benazepril, Fosinopril
How ACEI reduce blood pressure
ACEI reduce blood pressure by suppressing the release of angiotensin-
converting enzyme
Important side effects of ACEI include
Cough and angioedema, discontinue the ACEI if angioedema occur
Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBs)
Candesartan (Atacand), Eprosartan (Teveten), Irbesartan (Avapro), Losartan
(Cozaar), Telmisartan (Micardis) and Valsartan (Diovan).
NUR 641E
NUR 641E Final Exam Questions with Correct
Answers Graded A+ 2026-2027
Pharmacokinetics involves
a: Absorption: absorption from the administration site either directly or
indirectly into the blood/plasma.
b: Distribution: reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the
interstitial and intracellular fluid.
c: Metabolism: biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues.
d: Elimination: the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body
The route of administration with the highest bioavailability is
Intravenous, putting an entire dose into a patient's vein and bypassing
absorption
Intravenous route avoids
First-pass metabolism in the liver
Rectal administration has
variable and erratic absorption
Steady State (SS) is usually reached within
4-5 half-lives of a drug
Half-life of a drug is
How long it takes for the drug to be excreted from the body
- determines how frequently the drug must be administered
- predicts how long toxic effects can last
First-order (linear) pharmacokinetics means
The metabolism is directly proportional to the free concentration of the drug
NUR 641E
,NUR 641E
Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics means
A drug is metabolized at a constant rate per unit time
CYP3A4 substrate drugs may have a decreased activity if
Any CYP3A4 inducer drugs are used along with it
Drug development process involves these steps according to the FDA
a: Discovery: laboratory research to develop the new drugs
b: Preclinical research with animal testing for safety
c: Clinical research on healthy human subjects to assess medication
pharmacokinetics (Phase 1)
d: Clinical research in humans primarily for medication safety, usually in a
population for which the treatment is intended (Phase 2)
e: Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accept
medications or placebo for efficacy and safety (Phase 3)
f: FDA review of the results to determine approval
g: Post marketing study to identify adverse effects not found in earlier
clinical studies (Phase 4)
Medication safety organizations include the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA), the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP), and the Joint
Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO)
a: The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)
b: The Institute of Medicine (IOM)
c: The Joint Commission
d: The National Coordinating Counsil for Medication Error Reporting and
NUR 641E
, NUR 641E
Prevention (NCC MERP)
e: Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative
Two basic types of adverse drug reactions (ADRs)
Pharmacological and Idiosyncratic
Percent of adverse drug reactions that are pharmacological
85%-90%
Adverse drug reactions are usually
Preventable, frequently occur in a hospital or nursing home setting, and
include medication errors, adverse drug effects, and allergic and
idiosyncratic type reactions
Are adverse drug reactions commonly reported
No, ADRs are not commonly reported, the FDA does not mandate that ADRs
be reported
Polypharmacy
Involves using multiple health care providers for care, using multiple
medications, and using several pharmacies for prescription filling
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)
Lisinopril, Captopril, Enalapril, Ramipril, Benazepril, Fosinopril
How ACEI reduce blood pressure
ACEI reduce blood pressure by suppressing the release of angiotensin-
converting enzyme
Important side effects of ACEI include
Cough and angioedema, discontinue the ACEI if angioedema occur
Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBs)
Candesartan (Atacand), Eprosartan (Teveten), Irbesartan (Avapro), Losartan
(Cozaar), Telmisartan (Micardis) and Valsartan (Diovan).
NUR 641E
