COMD 4450 Exam 2, 2026 – Speech-Language Pathology
Study and Review Material
Articulation is a complex act requiring..... - correct answer ✔✔ •Precise placement
•Sequencing
•Timing of the articulators
•Management of breath stream
•Velopharyngeal management
•Phonatory control
Neurophysiologic Problems - correct answer ✔✔ Will effect lower motor neuron or upper
motor neuron systems, basal ganglia, cerebellar system, or other deep brain structures.
Hearing Loss - correct answer ✔✔ •Range of normal hearing 0dB - 15 dB, sometimes up to
25dB
•Slight hearing loss : 16dB - 25 dB (at this level, no hearing aids)
•Mild: 26 dB - 40 dB
•Moderate: 41 dB - 70 dB
•Severe: 71 dB - 90 dB
•Profound: 91 dB +
,Articulation - correct answer ✔✔ •Articulation refers to a few types of errors producing speech
•Organic - hard to remediate (except for cleft palate)
•Functional - no specific peripheral, organic, neuro-physiological pathology explains them - due
to faulty learning
When we use phonetic production principle classification, all sounds can be classified according
to their: - correct answer ✔✔ •Place of articulation - refers to dynamic location in the vocal
tract where the sound is being produced (bilabial, labiodental, etc)
•Manner of production - stops, fricatives, affricates, glides, liquids, and nasals
•Voicing - either voiced or voiceless (whether vocal chords are vibrating during sound
production)
What are PHONOLOGICAL DISORDERS? - correct answer ✔✔ Misarticulations understood in
terms of patterns that are rule-based
Three types of phonological processes: - correct answer ✔✔ (ASS)
•Assimilation: when one sound in a words affects another sound in the word (labial
assimilation, etc)
•Syllable structure processes: affects syllable structure of the word (final consonant deletion,
reduction, cluster reduction)
•Substitution processes: substituting one sound with another (stopping, backing, deaffrication,
etc)
, 40-80% of kids have expressive/receptive language disorders that coexist with phonological
disorders - correct answer ✔✔ ...
10-40% will have language comprehension problems with phonological disorders - correct
answer ✔✔ ...
CLASSIFYING CP (Neuromuscular Characteristics) - correct answer ✔✔ (SAARM)
Spastic (50%):
Increased muscle tone, exaggerated stretch reflex -slow stretch that suddenly releases, and
slow, effortful, jerky, voluntary movements. Caused by lesions in pyramidal system
Athetoid (10%):
Slow, writhing involuntary movements when volitional actions are attempted, ATNR -Atonic
Neck Reflex-hand raises and neck turns with it. Caused by lesions in extrapyramidal system.
Ataxic (5-10%):
Disturbed equilibrium resulting in balance problems. Reflexes and muscle tone are normal.
Caused by cerebellar lesions.
Rigid (1%):
Simultaneous contraction of all muscle groups, producing constant muscle tone. Muscles all
contract simultaneously, person curls up in ball. Caused by damage to higher motor control
centers of brain (basal ganglia)
Mixed (30%):
Combination of more than one type. Most common - spasticathenoid. Caused by lesions in
extrapyramidal and pyramidal systems.
Study and Review Material
Articulation is a complex act requiring..... - correct answer ✔✔ •Precise placement
•Sequencing
•Timing of the articulators
•Management of breath stream
•Velopharyngeal management
•Phonatory control
Neurophysiologic Problems - correct answer ✔✔ Will effect lower motor neuron or upper
motor neuron systems, basal ganglia, cerebellar system, or other deep brain structures.
Hearing Loss - correct answer ✔✔ •Range of normal hearing 0dB - 15 dB, sometimes up to
25dB
•Slight hearing loss : 16dB - 25 dB (at this level, no hearing aids)
•Mild: 26 dB - 40 dB
•Moderate: 41 dB - 70 dB
•Severe: 71 dB - 90 dB
•Profound: 91 dB +
,Articulation - correct answer ✔✔ •Articulation refers to a few types of errors producing speech
•Organic - hard to remediate (except for cleft palate)
•Functional - no specific peripheral, organic, neuro-physiological pathology explains them - due
to faulty learning
When we use phonetic production principle classification, all sounds can be classified according
to their: - correct answer ✔✔ •Place of articulation - refers to dynamic location in the vocal
tract where the sound is being produced (bilabial, labiodental, etc)
•Manner of production - stops, fricatives, affricates, glides, liquids, and nasals
•Voicing - either voiced or voiceless (whether vocal chords are vibrating during sound
production)
What are PHONOLOGICAL DISORDERS? - correct answer ✔✔ Misarticulations understood in
terms of patterns that are rule-based
Three types of phonological processes: - correct answer ✔✔ (ASS)
•Assimilation: when one sound in a words affects another sound in the word (labial
assimilation, etc)
•Syllable structure processes: affects syllable structure of the word (final consonant deletion,
reduction, cluster reduction)
•Substitution processes: substituting one sound with another (stopping, backing, deaffrication,
etc)
, 40-80% of kids have expressive/receptive language disorders that coexist with phonological
disorders - correct answer ✔✔ ...
10-40% will have language comprehension problems with phonological disorders - correct
answer ✔✔ ...
CLASSIFYING CP (Neuromuscular Characteristics) - correct answer ✔✔ (SAARM)
Spastic (50%):
Increased muscle tone, exaggerated stretch reflex -slow stretch that suddenly releases, and
slow, effortful, jerky, voluntary movements. Caused by lesions in pyramidal system
Athetoid (10%):
Slow, writhing involuntary movements when volitional actions are attempted, ATNR -Atonic
Neck Reflex-hand raises and neck turns with it. Caused by lesions in extrapyramidal system.
Ataxic (5-10%):
Disturbed equilibrium resulting in balance problems. Reflexes and muscle tone are normal.
Caused by cerebellar lesions.
Rigid (1%):
Simultaneous contraction of all muscle groups, producing constant muscle tone. Muscles all
contract simultaneously, person curls up in ball. Caused by damage to higher motor control
centers of brain (basal ganglia)
Mixed (30%):
Combination of more than one type. Most common - spasticathenoid. Caused by lesions in
extrapyramidal and pyramidal systems.
